被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (4)

1、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述：英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 例如:many people speak chinese.說(shuō)明：1、謂語(yǔ):speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的。2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。例如:chinese is spoken by many people.說(shuō)明：主語(yǔ)english是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：由"助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞"構(gòu)成。注意：人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的；數(shù)量隨新的

2、主語(yǔ)變，時(shí)態(tài)和原句保持一樣。現(xiàn)以speak為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)            am/is/are+spoken       現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)            am/is/are being+spoken一般過(guò)去時(shí)      &

3、#160;     was/were+spoken       過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)            was/were being+spoken現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)            have/has been+spoken     

4、60; 過(guò)去完成時(shí)            had been+spoken一般將來(lái)時(shí)            will/shall be+spoken       過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)            would be+spok

5、en含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：(1)不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如:some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)      this bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如:the glass was broken by

6、 mike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的。      this book was written by him.這本書(shū)是他寫的。      your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時(shí)完成。(3)還有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：it is said that.  據(jù)說(shuō)     it is reported that.  據(jù)報(bào)道it is hoped that.  希望

7、60; it is believed that.  人們相信it is announced that.  據(jù)宣布      it is (well) known that.  眾所周知it has been decided that.  已經(jīng)決定    it is supposed that.  人們認(rèn)為it is suggested that.  有人建議    it must be remembered that.

8、0; 務(wù)必記住例：it is reported that the weather will be cold tomorrow.四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法：(1)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。(2)把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)“be+過(guò)去分詞”。(3)be動(dòng)詞要和新的主語(yǔ)(即原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ))在人稱和數(shù)量上保持一致，時(shí)態(tài)和原句一樣不變。(4)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ),將主格改為賓格。例如:(一)“主+謂+賓”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：i was doing my honework. my homework was being done by me.(二)“主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：he made

9、me clean the room. i was made to clean the room.注意：當(dāng)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后接省略to的不定式時(shí)，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原to.這類動(dòng)詞有：一感feel   二聽(tīng)listen to；hear   三讓let；make；have   四看watch；see；look；notice   半幫助help (to) do(三)“主+謂+直賓+間賓”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：he gave me a pen. i was given a pen by him./ a pen was given

10、to me .五、特殊情況(一)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)的情況：1.open.lock.write.read.sell.clean.wash.cut.burn.drive等動(dòng)詞做不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它們的助于為物，可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：the kind of coat sells well.2.感官動(dòng)詞可以表示被動(dòng)含義。   例如：the news sounds good.3.want/require/need+doing相當(dāng)于want/require/need to be done。例如：my bike needs repairing.= my bike needs to be

11、 repaired.(二)不能變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況：1.不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗鼈儧](méi)有賓語(yǔ)。2.主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或each other時(shí)。例如：she praised herself. 她自我表?yè)P(yáng)。3.主動(dòng)句的謂語(yǔ)是表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、裝下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等動(dòng)詞不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：we have a meeting.4.主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)是doing或to

12、do 時(shí)。例如：climbing trees is dangerous.(三)其它幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明：1. 除助動(dòng)詞be外，動(dòng)詞get有時(shí)也可跟過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，是比較口語(yǔ)化的一種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中很少用by短語(yǔ)。例如：i got lost in the huge market. 在那個(gè)巨大的市場(chǎng)中我迷失了方向。you might get killed/hurt.  你會(huì)送命/受傷的。2. “have/get+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞” 這個(gè)句型也表達(dá)了一種被動(dòng)的意思。例如：ill have the bike repaired in no time. 我一會(huì)就把自行車修好。i had my wal

13、let stolen last sunday when i was shopping. 上星期天買東西的時(shí)候我的錢夾被盜。he got his leg broken when playing football.  踢足球的時(shí)候他把腿弄斷了。六、練習(xí)1、將下列句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主要步驟是：把原句的賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)（代詞賓格要變成主格）；把原句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)形式（注意：時(shí)態(tài)不變，新謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與新主語(yǔ)要一致，疑問(wèn)句要注意助動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換）。復(fù)合句中如有可能主句和從句都要變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1）he gave me a present.      i w

14、as given a present by him.2）my sister made the soup.      the soup was made by my sister.3）the workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.the manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers.4）the army engineers and soldiers have built a brid

15、ge over the river.a bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers.5）the police will surely arrest the thieves.      the thieves will surely be arrested by the police.6）my brother will repair my bike for me.       

16、my bike will be repaired by my brother.7）you must clean your watch once a year.      your watch must be cleaned once a year.8）i didnt tell you xiao wang could do the job.you were not told (that) the job could be done by xiao wang.9）i cannot find my dictionary. someone has ta

17、ken it.my dictionary cannot be found. it has been taken by someone.10）she cannot find her bag. someone must have taken it.her bag cannot be found. it must have been taken by someone.11）the pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.the teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story.12）the association

18、 asked mr. green to make a speech.mr. green was asked by the association to make a speech.13）the government is sending him abroad.he is being sent abroad by the government.14）he told me to wait here for him.i was told to wait here for him.15）mr. hopkins has found his wallet.mr. hopkins wallet has be

19、en found.16）the workers themselves invented the new machine.the new machine was invented by the workers themselves.17）they set up this hospital in 1950.this hospital was set up in 1950.18）tom broke the window.the window was broken by tom.19）did you write the letter?was the letter written by you?20）t

20、hey do not make this kind of watches in beijing.this kind of watches are not made in beijing.21）people call him little old man.he is called little old man.22）john answered all the questions.all the questions were answered by john.23）the farmer was ploughing the field.the field was being ploughed by

21、the farmer.24）people speak english in almost all the countries of the world.english is spoken in almost all the countries of the world.25）the wind blew the clouds away.the clouds were blown away by the wind.26）we shall paint the room.the room will be painted.27）must i do all the exercises on my own?

22、must all the exercises be done?28）i am going to ring tom up.tom is going to be rung up.29）everyone expects that he will win.it is expected that he will win.he is expected to win.30）did you finish your composition in class?was your composition finished in class?31）do you wash your clothes very often?

23、are your clothes washed very often?32）have they paid you the money?have you been paid the money?has the money been paid to you?33）mr. wang gave us an english lesson.we were given an english lesson by mr. wang.an english lesson was given to us by mr. wang.34）he told his brother the news.his brother w

24、as told the news.2、將下列句子變成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：1）what were you told to do?what did they tell you to do?2）they were made to learn the poem by heart.the professor made them learn the poem by heart.3）the house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked.he was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinne

25、r.4）it must have been done by an artist.an artist must have done it.5）the business has been taken over by his competitors.his competitors have taken over the business.6）such customs should be done away with.we should do away with such customs.7）why haven't the letters been written?why haven'

26、t you written the letters?8）it must be done at once.you must do it at once.9）i ought to have been told sooner.you ought to have told me sooner.10）i wasn't told that he had been dismissed.they didn't tell me that they had dismissed him.3、用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯以下句子（做翻譯時(shí)，首先要看用什么句型和結(jié)構(gòu)，再看用什么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，然后看用什么時(shí)態(tài)。這些是漢譯英

27、的關(guān)鍵。）1）沒(méi)有人強(qiáng)迫你去做那項(xiàng)工作。you are not forced/compelled to do the work.2）這個(gè)班由布朗先生教英語(yǔ)。the class is taught english by mr. brown.3）那棵大樹(shù)被風(fēng)刮倒了。that big tree was blown down by the wind.4）這間教室靠?jī)蓚€(gè)火爐取暖。this classroom is heated by two stoves.5）這篇文章是湯姆寫的嗎？was the article written by tom?6）你會(huì)得到老師們的幫助。you will be helped by the teachers.7）恐怕你要挨批評(píng)了。i am afraid you will be criticized.8）那封信已由王林寫好。the letter has been written by wang lin.9）電影放映之前，票已全部售出。all the tickets had been sold out before the film began.10）試卷上所有的題目都必須做嗎？must all the questions on the paper be answered?11）我們學(xué)校正