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1、AppointmentProphylaxisDentistryCariesTreatmentHOW TO PRACTICE MODERN DENTISTRY THROUGH ENGLISH CONVERSATION 牙科英語會(huì)話CONTENTS目錄Part 1. TheFirst4第一次預(yù)約Part 2. Oral15口腔預(yù)防治療Part 3. Operative20 牙科手術(shù)Part 4. An Explanation of Dental27 有關(guān)齲齒的解釋Part 5. Endodontic牙根管治療法32Part 6. Apicoectomy41根尖切除術(shù)Part 7. Extracti

2、on49拔牙Part 8. Post-operativeCare63手術(shù)后的護(hù)理Part 9. Fixed Bridge68固定橋Part 10. PeriodontalTreatment73牙周的治療Part 11. HypersensitiveTeeth牙齒過敏86Part 12.Malocclusion90咬合不正Part 13. OrthodonticTreatment95正畸Part 14. Dentures106活動(dòng)義齒(假牙)Part 15. New Dentures111新義齒Part 16. Dental Implants116牙齒種植Part 1The First Appo

3、intment第一章第一次預(yù)約D-Doctor, H-Hygienist, P-PatientD-醫(yī)生,H-醫(yī)生助理,P-病人H Good morning, Doctor Smith.早安,史密斯醫(yī)生。DGood morning,Miss Jones.Please comein. Isee thatyou:brought somenew nursesuniforms with you.They'reveryattractive. Where did you buy them?早安,瓊斯小姐。請(qǐng)進(jìn)。我看見你帶著新的護(hù)士服裝。這些服裝很好看。哪里買的?H I bought them at

4、Isetan s at a bargain sale. They were very: inexpensive. What would you like me to do first?是在伊勢(shì)丹買來的廉價(jià)品。非常便宜。我先干什麼好?。緿 You can begin by checking the treatment rooms. Be sure that: they re neat and clean. Then, you can prepare room number two for the first patient.你先檢查一下治療室??梢龅秸R,干凈。然后把二號(hào)房準(zhǔn)備好,用來接待第一

5、個(gè)病人。H The first patient is expected at nine-thirty.: 第一個(gè)病人預(yù)計(jì)九點(diǎn)半到。D When she arrives, write her name, address and telephone number: in the record book. Be sure to ask her how she was referred to my office.她來了就在登記簿上寫下她的姓名,地址和電話號(hào)碼。一定要問她是誰介紹到我們這邊的。H There s a patient in the waiting room, doctor.: 醫(yī)生,在候診

6、室有一個(gè)病人。D Get the necessary information for our records from her. Then:ask her to be seated. AfterI examine he I ll probably askyou to give her an oral prophylaxis (clean her teeth, col.) 先把要登記的項(xiàng)目先登記下來。然后請(qǐng)她坐下。我檢查了她以后,可能會(huì)叫你給她進(jìn)行口腔預(yù)防治療。P Good morning, I m Mrs. Williamson. I have an appointment with: Doc

7、tor Smith.早安,我是韋廉森夫人。我已經(jīng)和史密斯醫(yī)生預(yù)約好的。H Good morning, The Doctor will see you soon. My name is Miss: Jones.早安。 醫(yī)生回頭就見你。我是瓊斯小姐。P How long will I have to wait?: 要等多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?H The Doctor will see you in 10 minutes.: 醫(yī)生過十分鐘就可以看病。P What time is it now?: 現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了?H It s twenty minutes past nine. Would you like to si

8、t down?: 九點(diǎn)二十分。請(qǐng)坐下吧。P Thank you.: 謝謝。DI m ready, Miss Jones.Would youplease seat thepatient?:I ll examine her andtell youif she needsan oralprophylaxis.瓊斯小姐,我準(zhǔn)備好了。你請(qǐng)病人坐下。我先給她做個(gè)檢查,然后告訴你要不要進(jìn)行口腔預(yù)防治療。D Good morning, Mrs. Williamson, I m Doctor Smith. I understand: that Mr. Hughes recommended me. He s be

9、en a patient of mine for a long time 早安,威廉森太太。我是史密斯醫(yī)生。我知道是休斯先生介紹你來的。他是我這邊的熟客。P I ve just moved to Tokyo and I expect to live here forfive: or six years. I haven t seen a dentist for a long time. I thought it would be a good idea to have an examination (checkup, col.). I know that my teeth should be

10、cleaned.我剛剛搬來東京,打算在這里住上五年或者六年。我想把牙齒檢查一番 還是好的。我想我的牙齒該洗一洗了。D I d like to ask you some questions about your health and:medical history.Have you ever been treated for a heartcondition, or for a prolonged illness such as diabetes, liver disease or kidney disease?我想要問一問你的健康情況和病歷。你有沒有因?yàn)樾呐K情況接受過治療?或者因?yàn)樘悄虿?,肝?/p>

11、和腎臟病這些慢性疾病而接受過治療?P No, I haven t.: 沒有。D Have you ever had rheumatic+: fever? If you have, please give me the details. It may benecessary to have a consultation with your physician before beginning dental treatment.你患過風(fēng)濕病嗎?要是有的話,請(qǐng)把詳細(xì)情況告訴我。在進(jìn)行牙科治療之前有必要去看一看內(nèi)科醫(yī)生。P Is that necessary, Doctor?: 有必要嗎?D If t

12、here s a history of rheumatic fever it may be necessary: for me to prescribe an antibiotic before and after dental treatment.假如有德過風(fēng)濕熱的歷史,在進(jìn)行牙科治療前后,我必要給你開抗生素。P I didn t know that, Doctor.: 這我可不知道。D Bacteriacan enter the bloodstreamduring certain dental:procedures and cause serious complications.在做某些牙

13、科治療過程中,細(xì)菌可能會(huì)進(jìn)入人血液里而引起嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥。P Why do you prescribe an antibiotic?: 為什麼你要開抗生素?D The reason for giving an antibiotic to a patient with a: history of rheumatic fever is to prevent a heart infection.給得過風(fēng)濕的病人開抗生素是為了防止心臟感染。P I understand now, Doctor.: 我明白了D Have you ever been treated for a blood disorder

14、such as: anemia? Have you ever had prolonged bleeding from an injury ora tooth extraction?針對(duì)一些血液疾病如貧血,你進(jìn)行過治療嗎?你有沒有因?yàn)槭軅虬窝蓝L(zhǎng)期出血嗎?P Not that I can remember.: 記不清了。D Have you ever had a complication after dental treatment? Have: you ever had a bad reaction from a dental anesthetic (dental injection)?你有

15、沒有牙科治療以后得并發(fā)癥嗎?你有麻醉反應(yīng)嗎?P No, Doctor.: 沒有。D Do you have any allergies? Are you allergic to penicillin?: 你有什么過敏反應(yīng)嗎?你對(duì)青霉素過敏嗎?P No, I am not allergic to penicillin.: 我對(duì)青霉素不過敏。D Are you under a doctor s care? Are you taking medication?:When was the last time that you consulted with a physician?Why did you

16、 see him?你現(xiàn)在還看醫(yī)生嗎?你在吃藥嗎?你最近一次看醫(yī)生是在什么時(shí)候?是因?yàn)槭裁床】吹尼t(yī)生?P No, I am not under a doctor s care. I just visited a: physician when I caught a cold about 3 months ago.不,我現(xiàn)在沒有看醫(yī)生。我只是在3 個(gè)月以前因?yàn)楦忻叭タ催^醫(yī)生。D Miss Jones, please hand me a mouth mirror and explorer.: 瓊斯小姐,請(qǐng)你把口鏡和探針拿來。H Yes, Doctor.好。D May I examine you no

17、w, Mrs. Williamson?: 威廉森太太,我現(xiàn)在給你檢查,好嗎?P Certainly.: 好啊。D Good. Could you open your mouth a little wider, please? Turn: your head toward me a little bit. Thank you. I don t see anycarious teeth (cavities col.).好。請(qǐng)你把嘴巴再?gòu)堥_一些,把你的頭向前伸過來一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)什 么齲齒。P Good.: 太好了。D However, we ll take X - rays this mornin

18、g. I ll ask Miss Jones: to clean your teeth. There s much calculus (tartar) on your teeth and you should have it removed.可是,今天早上還要拍X 光。稍后請(qǐng)瓊斯小姐為你洗牙。你牙齒有不少牙垢,需要清除掉。P Please d o as much as you can for me today. I m not busy this: morning.今天你就盡量做吧。我今天上午不忙。D You ll need two appointments for your cleaning

19、. I ll review: the X-rays and decide upon a treatment plan for your next appointment.洗牙需要預(yù)約做兩次。我要看一下X 光的結(jié)果,然后決定你下一次預(yù)約時(shí)的治療計(jì)劃。H How much time should I take to do the oral prophylaxis,: Doctor?醫(yī)生,進(jìn)行口腔預(yù)防治療需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?D We give 30 minutes appointments for oral prophylaxis,Miss:Jones. It might take two or more

20、 appointments to complete thisfirst part of the treatment.瓊斯小姐,口腔預(yù)防治療需預(yù)約30 分鐘。第一部分可能需要2 次以上預(yù)約。H I understand, Doctor.: 我明白了。D Most dental diseases can be prevented. I believe that helping: a patient to prevent dental diseases is just as important as treating dental disease after it occurs.大多數(shù)牙病是可以預(yù)防

21、的。我認(rèn)為幫助病人預(yù)防牙病和治療牙病同樣重要。P What about the cleaning appointments, Doctor?: 醫(yī)生,如何洗牙?D During your cleaning appointments you ll be taught how to use: your toothbrush and dental floss effectively, as a daily routine.在洗牙時(shí),我們會(huì)教你在平時(shí)該如何有效地使用牙刷和牙線。P What purpose is this?: 做這個(gè)目的是什么?D The purpose of your daily h

22、ome care is to prevent dental: caries (tooth decay, col.) and gum disease. Without good homecare my treatment could fail, because of gum problems or recurring tooth decay. Miss Jones will apply a topical fluoride to your teeth to help prevent new cavities.每天在家對(duì)牙齒所做的護(hù)理,目的是要防止齲齒和牙齦疾病。沒有良好的日常護(hù)理,我的治療就會(huì)失

23、效,因?yàn)檠例l會(huì)出問題或牙齒又發(fā)生齲壞。瓊斯小姐會(huì)給你的牙齒局部涂氟,防止再長(zhǎng)齲齒。P That s fine, doctor.: 好極了。D Finally, I want to make follow-up (recall) appointments with: you every 6 months for an examination and X-rays. Also, to clean your teeth as often as it is needed. Please begin to clean the patient s teeth, Miss Jones.最后, 我想和你訂出每

24、6 個(gè)月進(jìn)行一次定期檢查預(yù)約,進(jìn)行檢查和拍X光。此外,根據(jù)需要經(jīng)常洗牙。瓊斯小姐,你給病人先洗牙吧。H Yes, Doctor.: 好的。D Show the patient how to “ brush ” and use dental floss: proper ly. I ll see you later, Mrs. Williamson.你教病人如何正確使用牙刷和牙線。威廉森太太,我稍后再見你。Useful Sentences1 . Prepare room number two for the first patient.2 . I m expecting a new patient

25、.3 .I ll examine your teeth.4 .I ll see you in few minutes.5 .What s you name ?6 . Where do you live? What s your address?7 .Please write your phone number on the record card.8 .Would you please fill out this record card?9 . Who referred you to my office?10 Are you employed? What kind of work do you

26、 do?11 How long will you live in Shanghai?12 Can you wait for a while?13 The doctor is with a patient.14 Do you have an appointment?15 My hygienist will give you an appointment.16 I ll have to reschedule (cancel, col.) your appointment.17 The Doctor can see you now.18 Would you like to sit down?19 T

27、he Doctor isn t here today.20 The Doctor is out of lunch.21 I want to ask you about your medical history.22 Have you ever had a serious illness?23 Did you ever have complications from dental treatment?Part 2第二章Oral Prophylaxis 口腔預(yù)防治療H What kind of toothbrush do you use, Mrs. Williamson?: 威廉森太太,你用什么樣

28、的牙刷?P I use a soft brush. I don t remember the brand name.: 我用的是軟牙刷。我記不得身摸牌子的。H Here s a sample toothbrush that you may keep. Please takeit: and show me how you “ brush ”.這是牙刷樣品,你可以用。請(qǐng)拿著,做給我看你是怎樣刷牙的?P Thank you. This is how I “ brush ”.: 謝謝,我是這樣刷的。H That s pretty good, but your not cleaning some of

29、the teeth: well enough. I ll put a stain (disclosing agent) on your teeth to show you where your toothbrush has missed.很好,可是有些牙齒你并沒有刷得很好。我在你的牙齒上涂上著色劑,讓你看一看有什莫地方牙刷沒有刷到。P It s all right: 行嗎?H Don t worry, the stain will come off easily.If you look in:this small hand mirror,you can see the red stains o

30、n yourteeth. The soft red stain is bacterial plaque. Do you see how easily it comes off?用不著擔(dān)心,著色劑會(huì)很容易掉的。你要是看一看這一小手鏡你就看得到你牙齒上的紅色的染色。這種暗紅色的染色是菌斑。你看到他很容易退掉嗎?P I see.: 看見了。H The other stain is hard. It has to be scraped away with a: scaler. The hard, rough stains are calculus. You can remove the plaque

31、with a toothbrush and dental floss, but you can tremove the calculus. I ll have to do that for you.其他染色的部分硬的,要用刮除器把他刮掉。又粗又硬的著了色的地方就是齒石。你可日用牙刷和牙線將斑點(diǎn)擦掉,但是卻弄不掉齒石/。我作給你看。P That s very interesting. I m so happy that you showed this:to me. I thought that I clean my teeth very thoroughly. Iguess I was wron

32、g.真有意思。我很高興你給我做了示范。H Do you use dental floss?: 你用牙先嗎?P Yes, but not everyday.: 用, 但是不是每天都用。H You must use floss everyday. You can t clean the bacteria:from the spaces between the t eeth with a toothbrush. I llshow you how to use it. Hold this hand mirror and watch me.你應(yīng)該每天都用牙線。用牙刷是刷不掉牙逢里的細(xì)菌的。我做給你看怎麼

33、 用的。拿著這把手鏡,瞧著。P Thank you, Miss Jones. I ll try to do it better.: 謝謝,窮斯小姐。我要試看怎樣作的好些。H Good. I ll begin to scale your teeth now. Before you leave,I ll polish your teeth and remove the rest of the stain.好,我現(xiàn)在開始給你刮牙。再你離開以前,再你離開以前我要把你的牙齒磨一磨,并把留下來的著色劑磨掉。D How much have you done, Miss Jones?: 瓊斯小姐,干到哪了?H

34、 Oh, hello Doctor. I ve almost finished scalingthe lower:teeth. It took me a long time to clean them. Would you like tosee what I ve done?奧, 醫(yī)生。 我快刮完下一排牙齒了。掛了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。看看刮的怎摸樣了?D Yes, please. That looks fine, Miss Jones, but there s still a: little bit of calculus on the proximal surface of this tooth.好。

35、 瓊司小姐,看來刮的很好,不過在這雙牙齒臨接面上還留有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)齒石。H I see, Doctor.: 是的。D I llshow you how to remove it.Use a Towner U-15 scaler:here.Be sure to reach under the particle of calculus andscrape upward.我做給你看怎樣把它刮掉。用著一把“湯納u -15 ”刮鋤器。一定要刮到齒石粒的下面,然后往上刮。H: What if the tooth is loose?要是牙齒松動(dòng)怎摸辦?s homeD If the tooth is loose,

36、you should hold it steady with a piece : of gauze in your left hand. Did you review the patientcare technique?要是牙齒松動(dòng),你可以在左手里裹著紗布把牙齒固定住。你了解了病人在家里是怎樣保護(hù)牙齒的嗎?HYes,I did. At thenext appointmentI ll stain theteeth:again. Then, I llrepeat theinstructions ifit snecessary了解了。在下次預(yù)約治療時(shí),我在給他的牙齒上著色劑。然后如需要的話, 我再教

37、他一次。.D Usually, it will take two or more instruction periods to teach:effective home care.教人如何在家保護(hù)牙齒通常要教兩次或更多一些。P Doctor, should I do anything for my next appointment?: 醫(yī)生,關(guān)于下次預(yù)約治療我應(yīng)該做些什莫?D Yes,Mrs. Williamson. I d likeyouto keep arecord of: everything that you eat for a week. Bring it with you on y

38、ournextappointment. I ll analyzeyourfood list,and makerecommendations to improve your eating habits. It will help you to prevent tooth decay and gum diseases.威廉森太太,請(qǐng)你把你一星期內(nèi)吃的東西都記錄下來。在下次預(yù)約時(shí)把記錄帶來。到時(shí)我來分析分析你的食物表,對(duì)改進(jìn)你的飲食習(xí)慣提出建議。這樣可以幫住你防止蛀牙和防止齒齦炎發(fā)生疾病。P Thank you, Doctor.: 謝謝你,醫(yī)生。Useful Sentences1 What bran

39、d of toothbrush do you use? .2 How do you brush your teeth? .3 Would you describe your daily home care, please? .4 The disclosing tablet will show me the bacterial plaque. .5 Hold the hand mirror and watch me.6 Show me how you use dental floss, please. .7 I'll scale and polish the teeth to remov

40、e the calculus and . stains.8 How often do you have your teeth cleaned?.9 I'll polish the teeth to make them smooth. .1 When was the last time you had your teeth cleaned? 01 Do you have a normal eating diet?11 Bacteria is the most important cause of tooth decay, gum 2 diseases, and calculus form

41、ation.Part 3 第三章Operative Dentistry牙科手術(shù)D Good morning Mrs. Hall.If none of your teeth are bothering: you, I ll restore (put a filling in, col.) the tooth with thelargest cavity. This is the tooth that I ll treat today. It would be best to use a silver amalgam restoration (filling, col.) here. The ca

42、vity is deep so we'd better use a local anesthetic. Is that OK with you?霍爾太太,早安。假如你的牙齒不讓你難受的話,那莫 我就把蛀的最厲害的牙補(bǔ)一補(bǔ)。我今天先補(bǔ)這雙牙。最好的辦法就是用銀汞補(bǔ)上。蛀牙的洞太深了,還是做局部麻醉好。你看這樣好不好?P Yes, go ahead, if you think that an anesthetic (novocaine,: col,) is necessary. I don't like to have an anesthetic for small cavitie

43、s. The sound and vibration of the handpiece (drill, col.) bother me. What can you do about my chipped front tooth?好,要是你認(rèn)為需要麻醉的話,就做麻醉吧。蛀牙的洞小我就不想做麻醉了。鉆牙器的聲音和震動(dòng)使我感到難受。我缺了一塊的前齒該怎摸辦?D That tooth needs a porcelain jacket or a ceramic veneer crown.: I can't put in another silicate (synthetic porcelain)

44、 or plastic restoration because it wouldn't be strong enough. When a part of the biting edge of a tooth is lost, a stronger restoration is usually needed.需要作成瓷牙冠套或烤瓷冠套。不能用矽酸鹽或塑膠補(bǔ),因?yàn)檫@樣作不到結(jié)實(shí)。當(dāng)牙齒咬合處缺了一塊通常需要用好的料子補(bǔ)上。P What type of restoration do you use , Doctor?: 醫(yī)生,哪莫要用什莫藥補(bǔ)上。D Eithera gold inlay or

45、 a crown. A crown would look much:better. I don't think that you'd like to have gold showingfrom a front tooth. We can start now. It shouldn't hurt. Please tell me if it isn't anesthetized (numb , col.). The decay was very close to the pulp.鑲上金牙或者鑲上齒冠。鑲上齒冠會(huì)好看一些。我想你是不會(huì)喜歡在前牙上鑲金的。我們現(xiàn)在開始

46、吧。不會(huì)痛的。要是沒有麻醉好請(qǐng)告訴我。蛀牙的地方離牙髓很近。P What will you do for that?: 怎么做呢?D I'll put a special covering over the deepest part of the: cavity to protect the pulp. It has calcium hydroxide in it. It will help to protect the pulp from injury. When a cavity is as deep as this one is, there's a chance tha

47、t the pulp will dieat some time in the future.我要在蛀牙洞最深的地方特別塞上東西保護(hù)住牙髓,氧化鈣,它可以保護(hù)牙髓而不受損害。這東西里面有氫象這棵牙的蛀洞那莫深,很有可能在將來什莫時(shí)候牙髓是會(huì)壞死的。P What is the chance of the pulp dying , Doctor?醫(yī)生,牙髓壞死是常見的死嗎?D You can't be 100% sure in these cases , but I'm very confident: (sure) that everythingwill be OK. When th

48、e pulp of a toothdies as a result of a deep cavity, the tooth will become infected.你的情況不一定百分之百是牙髓壞死,我有信心一切會(huì)弄好的。當(dāng)蛀牙的洞太深,使得牙髓壞死,牙齒就會(huì)受到感染。P What happens when a tooth is infected?: 牙齒受到感染將會(huì)怎樣?D A toothache or swellingwilleventually develop in a tooth:that's infected. A tooth might become infected ma

49、ny weeks ormonths after the decay has been removed.牙齒受感染的結(jié)果會(huì)引起壓痛和牙齦發(fā)腫。蛀掉的地方磨掉之后過了幾個(gè)星期或過了幾各月還是會(huì)感染的。P Would there be any pain?: 會(huì)不會(huì)疼呢?D There might not be any pain if the infection is mild or if it: finds a way to drain (if a fistula develops). If the infectiondoesn t put pressure on a nerve there won

50、 t be any pain.假如感染輕微的話,或者找到引流的通道的話,就不會(huì)疼。假如感染不壓迫神經(jīng)的話就不會(huì)感到痛。P Sometimes my tooth is sensitive to cold.: 我的牙齒有時(shí)對(duì)冷有反映。D I'll put a lining under the amalgam to insulate the tooth: against sensitivity to cold. As you know, large fillings are sometimes sensitive to cold because metal is a good conduct

51、or of temperature changes. The tooth may be sensitive to hot andcold foods for a while in spite of the insulation. Don't worry, the sensitivity will disappear in a week or two. Closeyour teeth gently. Does the filling feel high?那麼, 我在銀汞下面墊上東西,使 的牙齒決不會(huì)對(duì)冷有反映。你是知道的,填補(bǔ)進(jìn)去的東西要是很大的話,那麼, 有時(shí)對(duì)冷是有反映的, 因?yàn)榻饘?/p>

52、是良導(dǎo)體,對(duì)于溫度的變化是敏感的。竟管有了絕緣物, 吃冷熱的東西時(shí)可能在短暫時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)有反應(yīng)的。不用擔(dān)心,在一,兩周內(nèi)這種反應(yīng)是會(huì)消失的。把你的牙齒輕輕地要緊。補(bǔ)的東西感到高不高?P It feels fine.: 感到合適。D Now tap your teeth together and slide your jaw from side to: side. Good. That's it. The filling is finished.現(xiàn)在把你的牙齒輕輕地咬在一起,然后把頜往兩側(cè)移動(dòng)。好。 就是這樣, 補(bǔ)好了。P Thank you, Doctor.: 謝謝你,醫(yī)生。D Don&#

53、39;t chew on that side of your mouth for at least 8 hours.: That will give the filling a chance to harden. I'll polish itduring your next appointment. As I said before, there's a small chance that the pulp will die because of deep decay. Ifyou get a toothache in that tooth we can stillsave i

54、t bydoing a root canal treatment. Don't worry. I don't think thatyou'll have any trouble.至少在八個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)不要用你嘴巴的這一邊咬東西,這樣補(bǔ)上的東西就會(huì)有時(shí)間變的結(jié)實(shí)。在下一次預(yù)約治療時(shí)我再給你的牙齒磨一磨。就像我先前所說,因?yàn)橹蓝瓷盍耍浪柽€是有壞死的可能。假如你這顆還痛的話,我們還是可以進(jìn)行根管治療把它保住。不用擔(dān)心,我認(rèn)為你不會(huì)有什么麻煩摸的。Useful Sentences1 My tooth feels rough. .2 Does that feel smooth?.3

55、 The tooth is chipped. .4 Did you lose a filling?5 This crown is defective.6 .7.8 .9.10111213141516171This restoration is very old. It should be replaced.I'll put in a temporary filling (Treatment filling restoration).This filling is broken into two pieces.A plastic filling wouldn't be strong enough for thisYou should have a porcelain crown.Have you ever had novocanie before?Were there any side effects?The rubber dam will keep the tooth dry and contamination from bacteria in the saliva.Be careful. Don't bite your tongue or lip.Tell me if it's still sensitive.The anesthetic wil

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