英語時態(tài)-現(xiàn)在完成時精講和練習(xí)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)英語時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時精講和練習(xí)定義：表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，也可以表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)肯定句：have/has+ done () 否定句：主語+have/has+not+ done ()+其他.一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+ done ()+其他.簡略答語: Yes, 主語 + have/has.(肯定)No, 主語 + havent/hasnt.(否定)注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞，如:come，g

2、o，die，marry，buy等的完成時不能與for，since等表示一段時間的詞連用。用來持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)或表過去重復(fù)的動作，如live，study，be，wait等，常和since（自從）或for（經(jīng)歷）引導(dǎo)的詞語連用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30多年?，F(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志1.現(xiàn)在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響, 現(xiàn)在完成時通常和，ever, never, twice（once）, so far（到目前為止）, since，for，in the past/last few years（在過去幾年）

3、 , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑問句）, just(剛剛), before（以前）, recently（近來） 等詞連用說明：already與yet都有“已經(jīng)”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，并用于句末。例如：I have already finished my homework. I havent finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet?They have left. (他們已經(jīng)離開了,也就是說現(xiàn)在他們?nèi)瞬辉谶@里)I have had my lu

4、nch. (我已經(jīng)吃過午飯了,也就是說我現(xiàn)在不餓)I cant find my watch now. I think I have already lost it.2.過去已經(jīng)開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時間”點段的區(qū)分入手。for+時段 since+過去一個時間點（過去 從句）為標(biāo)志注意： 1)現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨與過去的時間狀語連用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能與when連用現(xiàn)在完成時的用法A表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影想或結(jié)果）

5、。例如： The car has arrived.車子來了。（結(jié)果：車子已在門口）Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。（結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著）B. 表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)）的一段時間的狀語連用,如for+時間段、since+過去的時間點、疑問詞how long等。例如： My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在這個工廠工作已經(jīng)五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002.

6、 自從2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中國。 How long have you been here? 你來這里多久了？ 注意：此種用法中表示持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)的動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞（否定句除外）。例如： (1)這本書我已經(jīng)買了三個月了。 錯誤：I have bought the book for three months. 正確：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥參軍多長時間了？ 錯誤：How long has your brother joined the army? 正確：How long has your brother been

7、 in the army/been a soldier?英語中的短暫性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞 英語動詞根據(jù)詞義可分為兩種，一種是延續(xù)性的，一種是終止性的。動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式，動作發(fā)生過程的長短，分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。 延續(xù)性動詞表示的動詞是一種延續(xù)的動作，這種動詞可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。如：learn，work，stand，lie，know，walk，keep， have，wait，watch，sing，read，sleep，live等。終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動詞，表示的動作不能延續(xù)，即動作發(fā)生立即結(jié)束，產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果。在有了某種結(jié)果之后，就不能再繼續(xù)下去。如：leave，s

8、tart，set out，arrive，reach，get to，begin， stop，shut，turn off，marry，put，put on，get up，wake，fall，join，receive， finish，end，complete，become，come，go，die，close，open，break，give， jump，buy，borrow等。所以它的現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用，即不能與表示一段時間的狀語,for+時間段, since+時間點/從句連用,也不能用在how long引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句中。終止性動詞要表示持續(xù)時, 可用以下方法: .將時間狀語改為

9、時間段 + ago，句中謂語動詞用一般過去時。eg.我弟弟參軍兩年了. My brother joined the army two years ago. .若保留for+時間段,since+時間點/從句, 或用在 how long 句型中,則需將終止性動詞改為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動詞或延續(xù)性動詞。 My brother has been in the army for two years. My brother has been a soldier for two years 將短暫性動詞改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞或短語即可和一段時間連用，其常用的方法有如下幾種：a直接替換，即用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞替換的主要有

10、：buyhave，borrow keep，come go becomebe，catch get a coldhave a cold，等。bbe名詞：join the Party Leaguebe a Party League member， go to schoolbe a student，join the armybe a soldier等。cbe形容詞副詞：diebe dead，leavebe away（from），put onbe on，finish endbe over，begin startbe on，comebe here in，fall asleepbe asleep，go ou

11、tbe out等。dbe介詞短語：go to schoolbe in at school，join the army be in the army等。e去掉短語中的短暫性動詞：get to knowknow，come to workwork，begin to studystudy等。1終止性動詞的用法 1）終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作的完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：The plane has arrived.飛機到了。I have finished my homework. 我已完成了作業(yè)。 2）終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)，所以其現(xiàn)在完成時（只限于肯定式）不能和表示一段時間的狀語

12、連用。如：他死了三年了。誤：He has died for three years他來這兒三個月了。誤：he has come here for three months兩句中的動詞die和come都為終止性動詞，它們可用于完成時，但不能同表示一段時間的狀語for three years months連用。那這兩句如何譯成英語呢？我們可采用下列方法： A用能夠表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞替換句中的終止性動詞。如：He has been dead for three yearsHe has been here for three months B把誤句中表示一段時間的狀語改為表示過去時間的狀語

13、，原動詞的完成時改為過去時。如： He died three years agoHe came here three months ago C用“It is has been 一段時間since（一般過去時）”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：It is has been three years since he diedIt is has been three months since he came here D用“多長時間has passed since（一般過去時）”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Three years has passed since he diedThree months has passed since h

14、e came here3）終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式，已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：I havent heard from him for two weeks我已兩個星期沒收到他的信了。He hasnt left here since 1990自從1990年以來，他一直沒有離開過這兒。4）終止性動詞的否定式同until一起連用，構(gòu)成“notuntil”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“直到才”，表示這個動作直到until所表達的時間到來時才發(fā)生。如：We wont go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops直到雨停了我們才會去參

15、觀長城。When did you go to bed last night？昨晚你幾點鐘點上床睡覺的？I didnt go to bed until my father got home直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡覺。5）在while（表示“一段時間”）引導(dǎo)的從句中，不能用終止性動詞，但when可以，因為when可表示“時間的點”，也可表示“一段時間”。如：誤：While I got to the village，it was dark正：When I got to the village，it was dark6）終止性動詞肯定式的完成時不能和how long連用。如：誤：How long ha

16、ve you borrow the book？可改用延續(xù)性動詞或與when連用的一般過去時。正：How long have you kept the book？正：When did you borrow the book？2延續(xù)性動詞的用法 1）延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時，其完成時可以同一段時間狀語連用。如：I have waited for him for nearly two hours我等他快兩個小時了。 2）終止性動詞不能和表一段時間的狀語連用。同樣，延續(xù)性動詞也不能和表示短暫時間的時間點連用。如：誤：It rained at eight yesterday morningrain為

17、延續(xù)性動詞，而at eight是表示時間點的狀語，顯然矛盾。如果要用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的行為，可以借助come，get， begin等終止性動詞來表達。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning3）在until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，若主句的謂語動詞是持續(xù)性動詞，既可以用肯定形式，也可以用否定形式，但句子含義不同。試比較：She listened to the radio until her father came back她一直聽收音機到她父親回來。She didnt listen to the radio until her fath

18、er came back直到她父親回來才聽收音機。延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 come/go/arrive/get/reach/move-be in/at 2. come/go out be out go/come be here 4. leave be away / from 5. join the army-be in the army /be a soldierjoin the Party-be in the Party /be a Party member die be dead 7. catch a cold have a cold 8. begin / start =be

19、on end/finish-be over 10. put on wear 11. buy have 12. borrow keep 13. become be 14. fall asleep be asleep 15. fall ill/sick be ill/sick 16. lose be lost 17. get to know begin to know18. go to sleep/ get to sleep=sleep 19. get up be up 20. close be closed21. move be out of 22. break be broken 23. ma

20、rry be married24. go be away 25. wake be awake 26. get to know - know 27.wearput on 28. open be open 用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞替換短暫性動詞，句中謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時，時間狀語為“for時間段”或“since時間點”。如：He has been in the Green China for three years.He has been a member of the Green China for three years.他加入“綠色中國”已經(jīng)三年了。 The old man died 4 year

21、s ago.- The old man has been dead for 4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.- He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5 days. 表示時間段的短語有:for+一段時間(for 2 years), since+從句(since he came here), since+時間點名詞( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long;

22、 for a long time等?，F(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)與一般過去時態(tài)的區(qū)別 1一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。I saw this film yesterday.（強調(diào)動作發(fā)生的時間是yesterday 。）I have seen this film.（強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）2一般過去時和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如：ago, last week/.， in 2008, in the past, just now, the day before yesterday, yesterday

23、 ., then(那時),that day, one day, once(從前)現(xiàn)在完成時常和recently（近來），ever, never, twice, so far（到目前為止）, since，for，in the past/last few years , already（肯定句）, yet（否定，疑問句）, just(剛剛), before（以前）連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時不與表示過去的時間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 比較since和forsince 后接時間點， for

24、后接時間段，試比較：I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.比較 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been inhave(has) been to.表示“曾去過某地，已經(jīng)從那里回來了”，可以和ever、never、twice等連用。have(has)

25、 gone to表示“已經(jīng)去了某地，在去那里的途中或到達那里還沒有回來”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多長時間”，常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如：since, for, how long 等He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾經(jīng))到/去過上海.(但他人現(xiàn)在肯定不是在上海而是回來了)He has gone to Shanghai. 他已經(jīng)去上海了.(也許剛動身出發(fā),也許已經(jīng)到了,也許還在路上,反正他人不在這里)Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for t

26、hree days. 布朗先生來上海已經(jīng)有三天了現(xiàn)在完成時練習(xí)（1） = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. 延續(xù)性動詞和瞬間性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化1.He died 10 years ago. He _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. He _the book for 2 weeks.3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. He _the motorbike for a month.4. He arrived here three

27、days ago.He _here since three days ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. The light _for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago. He _from here for 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago. The film _ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago. The door _ for an hour.9. They closed the do

28、or an hour ago. The door _for an hour.10. He joined the army last year. He _ a _ for a year. = He _ the army for a year. = It _ a year _ he joined the army. = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 單項選擇。The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year .A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D. has written Ha

29、ve you met Mr. Li _？A. Just B. ago C.before D.a moment agoHow long have you _ here ? About two months .A. been B. gone C. come D. arrivedOur country _ a lot so far .Yes. I hope it will be even _ . A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good C. has changed ; better D. changed; better _ you _ your homewor

30、k yet ?Yes. I _ it a moment ago.A.Did; do; finished B.Have; done; finished C.Have; done; have finished D. will; do; finishWe _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .A. know B. had known C. have known D. knewHarry Potter is a very nice film. I _ twice.A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.seeThese farmers

31、 have been to the United States .Really? When _ there ?A. will they go B.did they go C. do they go D. have they gone Zhou Lang _already _in this school for two years .A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are; studying( )10. His father _ the Party since 1998 .A.joined B. has joined C

32、. was in D. has been in( )11. Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago .A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made( )12. He has _ been to Shanghai, has he ?A. already B.never C.ever D. still( )13. Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . A. has begun B. had begun C. has been

33、 on D. began( )14. It _ ten years since he left the army . A. Is B. has C. will D. was( )15. Miss Green isnt in the office. She_ to the library. A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been( )16. My parents _ Shandong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been( )17. The

34、students have cleaned the classroom, _? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they( ) 18. has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived ( )19. His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. ha

35、s started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university = 3 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT III. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1. He has never surfed, _ ?（改成附加疑問句） 2. They have been here since 2001. (提問) _ have they been here?3. The old man _ last year. He _for a year. (die) （動詞填空）4. This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)

36、換) This factory _ for twenty years.5. Miss Green left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Miss Green _ an hour ago.6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ . = 4 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT IV. 漢譯英。1. 他昨天收到一封信。_2. 我父親以前到過長城。_3. 她去過上海。_4. 他這些天上哪兒去了？_現(xiàn)在完成時練習(xí)（2）一、 單項選

37、擇。1. _ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish2. His father _ the Party since 1978 . A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in3. Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten

38、years ago . A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made4. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes. A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away5. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in6. The factory _ since the February of 1988

39、. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened7. Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become8. The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over9. Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has c

40、ome to C. has taught10. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12.He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had 13.-How long _ you _ ill ? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C.

41、have, been14. Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take15.- How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep二、 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1. He has never surfed, _?（改成反意疑問句） 2. This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) This factory _ for twenty years.3.

42、 Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ .4. The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)_ two years _ the Green family moved to France.三、用過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時填空：1. “_ you _ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.”“When _ you _ (have) it?” “I _ (have) it at 12:00

43、.”2. “_ you _ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?”“Yes, I _. I _ (write) one last week.”3. “_ he _ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.”4. “_ they ever _ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.”5. Your father _ just _ (finish) his work.6. Your father _ (finish) his work just now.7. Last term I _ (learn) many English words.8. They _ (not read) the interesting books yet.9. He _ never _ (go) to the science mu