語法復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)語法與詞匯在聯(lián)考中占20道題，10分，此部分的目的是測試學(xué)生對大綱要求的1800多詞和400個(gè)左右的常用詞組（以及2700個(gè)認(rèn)知詞匯）和語法的運(yùn)用能力，從試卷上看，語法所占的比例不大，實(shí)際上，在英譯漢，短文寫作甚至完形填空中又間接地測試了學(xué)生的這些能力，因此學(xué)生除了熟記與掌握大綱要求達(dá)到的詞匯，還應(yīng)全面復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)的語法知識。本講語法結(jié)構(gòu)部分主要包括名詞的數(shù)、格、形容詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣、以及主謂一致等，限于篇幅，每個(gè)專題僅對部分重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簡明扼要地歸納，供大家復(fù)習(xí)參考。一、名詞（一）名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式除了規(guī)則變化外，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1以

2、下名詞只有單數(shù)形式。foodsoilpopulationhairbreaddamageadvicehouseworkhomeworkgame (獵場)furnitureworkclothingaircouragesceneryinformationdustequipmentevidencefruitfunmachineryglassintelligenceicemoneyluckmeatmilkpovertynewsprogressricerainsandidea想法snowsoapignoranceteasugarwaterworktrafficwealthvocabularypoetryt

3、ransportationluggagewarfareThey are so excited today, for they bought a lot of furniture yesterday. （ two pieces of furniture, set）注：furniture前可用pieces of或much, much 通常用在否定句或疑問句中。My information is that she has passed the college entrance examination.2以下名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式goods (貨物) effects (財(cái)物) papers(文件)green

4、s (青菜) looks (外貌) manners (禮貌)riches(財(cái)富) arms (武器) customs (關(guān)稅)The greens are always nourishable. 青菜總是富有營養(yǎng)的。Small arms are often carried by the soldiers. 士兵常攜帶小型兵器。3以下名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)同形aircraftChinesefishJapaneseseriessheepSwissshark (鯊魚) deermeansspecies buffalohovercraft (氣墊船) wildduck (野鴨)There are some de

5、er in the woods.Blackmail is species of crime which we all hate.4以下名詞形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，意義上則為單數(shù)scissorsglassestrousersshoesclothestongsshorts (短期債券) stockingstweezers (鑷子)上述名詞可用some修飾；clothes除外。也可用a pair ofTry to find me some scissors.He stands 1.7 meters in his stockings.5以下名詞的復(fù)數(shù)是不規(guī)則的childchildrenmanmenwomanwo

6、mentoothteethfootfeetmousemicelouseliceoxoxengoosegeeseChildren less than 5 years old have emotional needs that only loving parents can fill.6以下是一些外來詞的不規(guī)則形式analysisanalyses (分析) crisiscrises (危機(jī))bacteriumbacteria (細(xì)菌) criterioncriteria (標(biāo)準(zhǔn))diagnosisdiagnoses (診斷) mediummedia (媒介)appendixappendices (

7、索引) emphasisemphasesradiusradii (輻射狀部分；半徑) datumdata (數(shù)據(jù))phenomenonphenomena (現(xiàn)象) thesisthesesformulaformulae/formulas (公式；俗套話) axisaxes (軸)This article deals with the natural phenomenon which is most interesting to everyone. 這篇文章論述的是人人都感興趣的那種自然現(xiàn)象。The media are often accused of being biased. 傳媒常常被指責(zé)

8、有偏見。7復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1）. 把主要名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chiefstander-bystanders-bybrother-in-lawbrothers-in-lawlooker-onlookers-onmother-in-lawmothers-in-lawpasser-bypassers-by2). 以man-或woman-為首構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，若有性別之分，前后都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womanstudentwomenstudentsmanservantmenservantswomancadrewomencadres8名詞定語和復(fù)合名詞常見的名詞定語和復(fù)合詞有

9、：traffic accident 交通事故table lamp 臺燈street light 街燈dress shop 服裝店blood type 血型shoe store 鞋店member state 成員國launch pad 發(fā)射臺room numberpolitics teacher 政治教師lunch room 供快餐的小飯館mosquito net 蚊帳bus driver 公共汽車司機(jī)注意：名詞定語和復(fù)合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，應(yīng)將被修飾的那個(gè)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。He said that he forgot both of the room numbers.9. 以-s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱通常

10、用作單數(shù)。但當(dāng)這些名詞作“學(xué)科”以外的意義解釋時(shí)常用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：Mathematics is a very important subject. 數(shù)學(xué)是一門很重要的學(xué)科。His politics are quite strange to us.他的政治觀點(diǎn)對我們來說很陌生。（politics, physics, mathematics, economics, linguistics, classics, phonetics）10. 一些-s結(jié)尾的地理名詞及專有名詞通常用作單數(shù)。如：the United Nations, Los Angeles, Wales, Naples, Athens, T

11、he Times.The United Nations is an Organization helping to solve the international problems.聯(lián)合國是協(xié)助處理國際問題的組織。但是，表示群島、山脈、瀑布等以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞常作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The Himalayas, the Alps, the BermudasThe Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.喜馬拉雅山脈有大量各種各樣的植物。11. 物質(zhì)名詞作可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)，詞義有些變化。試比較：Please give each of them a piec

12、e of paper. 請給他們每人一張紙。Everyone of them was given a paper. 他們每人都發(fā)了一份試卷。air 空氣airs 架子effect 結(jié)果effects 財(cái)產(chǎn)damage 損害damages 賠償金advice 忠告advices 通知，消息spirit 精神spirits 烈酒；酒精manner 方式manners 禮貌color 顏色colors 軍旗regard 尊敬，注意regards 問候；致意spectacle 場面spectacles 眼鏡custom 習(xí)慣customs 關(guān)稅；風(fēng)俗12 抽象名詞用來表示具體、個(gè)體情況時(shí)，也可作可數(shù)名

13、詞，但意義有變化。試比較：All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. 一切真知都是從直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)源的。His experiences are very good stories. 他的經(jīng)歷都是些挺不錯(cuò)的故事。13. 集體名詞majority單獨(dú)使用時(shí)作單數(shù)，與其他復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The majority agrees to stop the case for some time.多數(shù)人同意終止這個(gè)案子一段時(shí)間。The majority of us like to go out for a change. 我們中的多數(shù)人喜

14、歡出去換換空氣。（二）名詞的格1主要掌握of+名詞性物主代詞的用法。它通常表示部分的所有，即其中之一。He is a son of Mr. Robinsons (=one of Mr. Robinsons sons)It is a book of his. (=one of his books)2名詞所有格也可用于省略形式，其后面的名詞省略。This post card is sent by a friend of my mothers.Thats a good idea of our teachers.3. 如某物為兩人所共有，只需在這兩個(gè)名詞的后一個(gè)名詞加“ s ”。例如：Mary and

15、 Janes car (她倆共有的車)否則，需要在這兩個(gè)名詞后分別加上“ s ”。例如：Marys and Janes cars (她倆各自的車)4. 表示國家、城市等地方的名詞，以及表示時(shí)間、距離、度量及金錢等的名詞，雖是無生命的，但是也可用以上形式表示所有格。例如：Chinas modernization plan 中國的現(xiàn)代化計(jì)劃a two weeks holiday一個(gè)兩周的假期a dollars worth of apples一元錢的蘋果注：（1）“of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，常用于表示無生命的名詞的所有關(guān)系，但也可表示有生命名詞的所有關(guān)系，尤其是當(dāng)后者有較長的定語的時(shí)候。例如：the

16、legs of the table 桌子的腿the works of Mark Twain 馬克吐溫的著作the classroom of the first-year students 一年級學(xué)生的教室（2）雙重所有格“of + 名詞s”結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示部分概念或帶有一定的感情色彩。例如： a friend of my fathers the important theory of Einsteins 愛因斯坦的重要理論雙重所有格也可以用“of + 名詞物主代詞”構(gòu)成。例如：That gentleman is a friend of mine.This is no fault of yours

17、. 這絕不是你的錯(cuò)誤。（3）名詞所有格，有時(shí)可代替前面提到過的東西，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性物主代詞。例如： These books are Marys. (= hers)（4）有時(shí)，名詞的所有格可表示“家，商店”或其他處所。例如： my uncles 我叔叔的家the barbers 理發(fā)店 the chemists 藥店the Smiths 史密斯的家注意：“姓氏+ s ”表示 “全家”，例如：the Smiths (史密斯的一家)， the Smiths 則表示：“史密斯一家的住所”。Exercise 11. The _ of this problem _ still not clear to

18、most of us.A. bases, isB. basis, areC. basis, isD. basises, are2. Computers are tolls carrying _ for human beings.A. many informationB. many informationsC. more informationD. much information3. You can order _ if you like.(set)A. two furnitureB. two pieces of furnitureC. two piece of furnituresD. tw

19、o pieces of furnitures4. The _ in this schools are mush more active than those from other schools according to a recent research.A. womanstudentB. womenstudentsC. womenstudentD. womanstudents5. Its said that the _ here would never go on strike.A. postmenB. postsmanC. postmansD. postsmen6. He finally

20、 found that the two _ were his _.A. standers-by, sisters-in-lawB. stander-bys, sister-in-lawsC. stander-by, sisters-in-lawD. stander-by, sister-in-law7. Nowadays, cards _ not so popular as Majong.A. wereB. areC. isD. was8. The Himalayas _ a large variety of living _.A. has, specieB. have, speciesC.

21、have, specieD. has, species9. The majority _ on this point and the majority of us _ the question in the same was.A. agree, answerB. agrees, answerC. agrees, answersD. agree, answers10. My sister cut the cloth with _ scissors.A. a couple ofB. a pair ofC. a handle of (a handful of)D. a piece of11. No

22、one can believe that he is a _.A. bank presidentB. banks presidentC. president of a bankD. president of the bank12. _ is supposed to be of great importance in daily life.A. HonestyB. An honestyC. The honestyD. Honest13. We have prescribed for _.A. childs pictorialB. childrens pictorialC. child picto

23、rialD. pictorial of children14. My uncle prepared two _ into the mixture.A. cup waterB. cups of waterC. cupful of waterD. cupful of the water15. After a long time of waiting, the news _ to be very good.A. isB. areC. seemsD. were16. All the kids in the garden were frightened by _ of lightening.A. a p

24、ieceB. a boltC. a flashD. a set17. _ is famous all over the world.A. Peters B. The painter PeterC. Peter, the painter,D. Peter painter18. I always buy some _ for my father.A. beautiful Chinese paintingsB. Chinese beautiful paintingC. Chinese beautiful paintingsD. some beautiful paintings of Chinese1

25、9. The _ supplies us a place to put our food on.(the planet of Earth)A. stones of tableB. stone tableC. table of stonesD. stone of table20. I hardly slept _ last night.A. a winkB. winksC. much winksD. many winks二、形容詞與副詞（一）當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上形容詞修飾同一名詞時(shí)的順序十分復(fù)雜，但只要記住以下幾條常用規(guī)則即可：1靠近名詞最近的形容詞一般說明這東西是什么用的，即說明用途：a tennis

26、racket 一個(gè)網(wǎng)球拍子。2在用途前的形容詞通常說明這東西是什么造的：a steel and nylon tennis racket 一個(gè)用鋼和尼龍制作的網(wǎng)球拍子3靠名詞最近的形容詞前的形容詞一般說明東西的來源：a Chinese writing desk 一張中國的寫字臺4再往前是說明顏色的形容詞：a green glass ashtray 一只綠色的玻璃煙灰缸a very valuable old watch 一只很值錢的舊金表5所有這些形容詞前還可以加表示年齡、大小、溫度等方面的形容詞：a big round conference table 一張開會用的大圓桌子也可以用下表來表示其修

27、飾順序：放在動(dòng)詞前的代詞冠詞，指代，物代序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)大小長短新舊，溫度顏色國籍材料名詞6形容詞后置的幾種情況：1）當(dāng)形容詞修飾 something, everything, nothing, everyone, anyone everybody, nowhere等時(shí)，形容詞要后置。I have something important to tell you.I think he said nothing wrong.2）以-ible或-able結(jié)尾的形容詞修飾其前有最高級或every, only, the few, all的名詞時(shí)，通常應(yīng)后置。但possible可放前也可置后。She is

28、 the most diligent girl imaginable. 她是最勤奮的姑娘，你想象她有多勤奮就有多勤奮。He tried every means imaginable. 他把能想像到的方法都用上了。3）else, present, absent, alone, alive, alike, there, here等作修飾語時(shí)通常后置。He gave some presents to all the people present.Those absent from class stood up.He is the only writer alive.4）下列形容詞沒有比較形式，表比較

29、時(shí)后用to，不用than：inferior比差minor較小的，年幼的senior年長的prior優(yōu)先的，在前的superior優(yōu)越的junior年幼的major較大的，年長的preferable更好的anterior先于posterior(時(shí)間)以后的，（位置）后面的A lieutenant is inferior to a captain. 中尉低于上尉。This book is superior to the other in style.這本書的文體比那本好。5）so/as/too/how/however+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞It is too large a room.Th

30、at is so beautiful a park.6）such/what/quite/rather+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞It is quite a good chance.What a wonderful film it is!7）最高級的比較范圍介詞用in, over, of, among等。In, (all)over用于某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如in China, all over the world; of, among用于同一群體同類事物的比較，如among the teachers, of the four dresses等。注意among相當(dāng)于one of, 不能用among all

31、。8）比較形式表示最高級意義時(shí)，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：any other +單數(shù)，the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，anyone/anything else等She is more clever than any other girl in this class.9）注意用that或those代替比較內(nèi)容時(shí)，所用代詞應(yīng)與所指代的名詞在數(shù)上一致。The weather in Chongqing is hotter than that in Chengdu.10）特殊句型 Not so muchas 與其說不如說 No/not any more than兩者一樣都不 Just asso 正如,也 The

32、 morethe more 越.越Exercise 21. Please be quiet. I have _ to announce.A. a important thingB. an important somethingC. something importantD. important something2. He is a _ man.A. handsome tall youngB. young tall handsomeC. tall handsome youngD. young handsome tall3. He is a _ professor.A. amiable, lea

33、rned and popularB. learned, amiable and popularC. popular, learned and amiableD. popular and learned amiable4. I am _ her in many aspects.A. inferior toB. inferior thanC. more inferiorD. more inferior than5. One twin is indistinguishable _ the other.A. betweenB. fromC. atD. in6. What you say is not

34、consistent _ what you do.A. inB. ofC. withD. by7. _ are seldom seen in this city.A. Those black long American carsB. Those long American black carsC. Those American cars long and blackD. Those long black American cars8. That event was _ 1937.A. before thanB. prior thanC. prior toD. before of9. He is

35、 indifferent _ hardship and dangers.A. ofB. atC. inD. to10. I was fortunate _ having a good teacher. (be to do sth./in doing sth.) A. toB. toC. withD. in11. She showed me a _ shirt yesterday.A. silk long redB. long silk redC. red long silkD. long red silk12. Joe is _ his brother.A. four years senior

36、 thanB. four years senior thanC. four years senior toD. four year senior to13. It was very considerate _ you to send me a get-well card. (for, of)A. aboutB. ofC. onD. with14. He likes literature better _ linguistics.A. toB. thanC. ofD. comparing15. _ should respect the old.A. YoungB. YouthC. The you

37、ngD. The young people16. He heard _ from his work-mates.A. these all strange thingsB. all these strange thingsC. all strange these thingsD. all these things strange17. “Why have you decided to go back to school?”“Im tired _ as a secretary.”A. for workB. of workingC. to workD. about working18. I was

38、annoyed _ my mistake.A. atB. withC. toD. over19. “Who won the race?”“First prize was awarded _ Jackie Stevens, the smallest girl on the team.”A. forB. onC. withD. to20. She is extremely well qualified _ the job.A. toB. forC. aboutD. on三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（一）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化，其后可跟不定式的一般式，也可跟不定式的完成式。can用在否定句中，表示否定的判斷或推測

39、以及理論上的可能性，其肯定形式為must+原形；could+原形動(dòng)詞表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y或判斷。That cant be true.It must be done.You could be right.（二）can和could可用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：cant help + v-ingconnot help but不得不can but只得cannot choose but只得cannottoo (over)無論也不過分One cannot be too careful.I can but say it again.（三）can或could與不定式的完成式連用，表示說話人對過去發(fā)生的行為的真實(shí)性所持的態(tài)度

40、（驚奇或懷疑）。can只用于疑問句或否定句。cant/ couldnt have + 過去分詞表示對過去情況的強(qiáng)烈否定推測，一般譯為“一定沒”。Where can she have gone?She cant have gone to school. Its Sunday.He could have gone off with some friends.（四）may和might均可表示可能性和許可。may可表示給予許可，might則不能。may用于現(xiàn)在和將來時(shí)，might用于過去時(shí)或表示婉轉(zhuǎn)意義，或可能性不大。She may not be at home. (= It is possible

41、that she is not at home.)She cant be at home. (= it is not possible that she is at home.)Brown might come to sign up for the match 2 days later.（五）may +不定式的完成式表示說話人對過去發(fā)生的事情的懷疑與推測；might+不定式的完成式表示對過去發(fā)生的事情可能性的推測，所推測的可能性有時(shí)與實(shí)際情況相反，一般含批評、責(zé)備的口吻。可能性最小,一般譯為“也許”。She is late. She may have got up late.You might

42、 have done it better.（六）must表示義務(wù)時(shí)，其否定式形式為dont need to, neednt + V或dont have to.You neednt come to see me if you dont want to.You dont have to talk so loud.（七）must + 不定式的完成式表示對過去發(fā)生的事情較有把握的推測，譯為“一定”，否定式為cant have done.The road is wet. It must have rained last night.He cant have finished all the exerci

43、ses within an hour.（八）ought to 與should + 不定式的完成式用于肯定句，表示該做而未做，用于否定句表示不該做的事而做了，有強(qiáng)烈的批評與責(zé)備口吻。You ought to have handed in your homework this morning.You should not have done such a foolish thing.（九）neednt have + 過去分詞表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒有必要”。You have five days more. You neednt have worked so hard.Exercise 31

44、. The film was wonderful; you _ it.A. must go to seeB. must have gone to seeC. should have gone to seeD. may see2. “We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.”“He _ it.”A. mustnt attendB. cant have attendedC. should not have attendedD. neednt have attended3. The elephants ought _ hours ago by the ke

45、epers.A. to be fedB. to feedC. to being fedD. to have been fed4. She went to sleep in the park and when she woke up her watch had vanished. Someone _ it while she slept.A. must stealB. should have stolenC. must have stolenD. need have stolen5. If you _ over there for a moment, Ill tell Mr. Li youve

46、arrived.A. shall waitB. waitedC. will waitD. should wait6. The room is in a terrible mess. It _ cleanedA. mustnt beB. mustnt have beenC. cant beD. cant have been7. In the eighteenth century writers _ hours in coffee houses, discussing the news of the day.A. may spendB. would spendC. might have spent

47、D. could spend8. I wish that I _ with you last night.A. wentB. have goneC. could goD. could have gone9. He was a good runner so he _ escape from the police.A. ought toB. mightC. was able toD. could10. “Have you seen Marie?”“She wasnt feeling well. _ gone home?”A. She might haveB. She might hasC. Mig

48、ht she haveD. She could have11. If the telephone _ ring please say that Ill be back at six.A. shouldB. willC. shallD. can12. “You ought to have gone to see your uncle yesterday.” “Yes, I _.”(be, have, have been)A. should B. ought toC. would toD. should have13. Nobody knows how people first came to t

49、hese islands. They _ from South America on rafts.A. must have sailedB. can sailC. might have sailedD. should have sailed14. “I dont know what has happened to Harold,” she said.“Maybe I _ him.”A. had to callB. shall callC. should callD. would call15. “What did Pat do last night?”“She _ tickets to a f

50、ootball game, but decided to stay home.”A. could getB. could has gottenC. could have gottenD. can get16. You are incompetent! It _ hours ago.A. should be finishedB. must be finishedC. must have finishedD. should have been finished17. “Can we finish cleaning this garage tonight?”“I dont know, but we

51、_ try to.”A. wouldB. used toC. shouldD. were able to18. “Helen, will you be at the party tonight?”“I dont know, because I have so much homework to do that I really _.”A. cantB. mustntC. wontD. shouldnt19. “I didnt go to class last night because my car broke down.”“You _ mine. I wasnt using it.”A. co

52、uld borrowB. could have borrowedC. may have borrowedD. may borrow20. To be really happy and safe, one _ at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.A. would haveB. could haveC. ought to haveD. may haveeednt四、時(shí)態(tài)英語的時(shí)態(tài)很多，限于篇幅，我們只就一些需要特別注意的，考試中常常出現(xiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)加以歸納。（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1. 表示自然現(xiàn)象與普遍真理。The Sun rise

53、s in the east. Actions speak louder than words. 行動(dòng)勝于語言。2. 在時(shí)間、條件從句中表將來。Ill tell him when he comes.They will do it if they are not very busy tomorrow.注意：如果if從句表示一種愿望時(shí)，可用will+動(dòng)詞原形，will相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。If you will be quiet, Ill tell you what happened.（二）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 動(dòng)詞go, come, leave, stay, start, do, begin, arrive等

54、動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)最近計(jì)劃和安排要做的事。多用于口語。What are you doing next Saturday?You may catch the Golden Queen which is sailing to Brazil this afternoon.你可以乘坐金皇后號，這艘船今天下午將駛往巴西。2. 進(jìn)行時(shí)與always, constantly, forever等詞連用表示感情色彩。He is continuously finding fault with me. 他不斷地挑我的毛病。These kinds of persons are always doing things

55、 like that. 這種人經(jīng)常那么干。3. 在由while引起的狀語從句中，動(dòng)詞要用進(jìn)行時(shí)。While you are resting, Ill read you todays news.While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí)。Ill give this dictionary to you as soon as I have finished reading it.If you have done the experiment, you will r

56、ealize how difficult the theory is.2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可用于下列句型：This /That /It is the first that This /That /It is the best that This /That /It is the only that This is the first time that I have played table tennis.It is the only party that Ive ever really enjoyed in my life.That is the most interesting film th

57、at Ive ever seen.3. 無論since作介詞還是連詞，句子應(yīng)用完成時(shí)。Great changes have taken place since the reform and opening to the world.I havent seen her since I last saw her.4. 當(dāng)since, before作副詞用置于句末時(shí)，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)。I havent studied English before.We havent met each other since.5. 在it is since結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句的謂語通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，也可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但從句通常為終

58、止性動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)。Its a long time since I saw you last time.It is four years since Tom left school.6. 終止性動(dòng)詞appear, begin, set up, buy, die, join, start, come, fall, finish, leave, lend, sell, lose, stop, etc.的完成時(shí)不能與for連用。不能說：He has got up for 2 hours.只能說：He got up 2 hours ago.He has been up for 2 hours.It is

59、 2 hours since he got up.7. by + 將來時(shí)間狀語用將來完成時(shí)，by + 現(xiàn)在時(shí)間狀語用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。By this time next year well have graduated.By now I have seen the film three times.（四）過去完成時(shí)1. by + 過去時(shí)間狀語用過去完成時(shí)。By last year I had learned 2000 English words.2. 在no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when, barely when等句型中，主句中的謂語用過去完成時(shí)，從

60、句中的謂語用過去時(shí)。No sooner had we got all the crops in than it began to rain.She had hardly finished his speech when the audience started cheering.Exercise 41. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisement showing happy, balanced families.A. are often seeingB. often seeC. will often see