2022年考研考博-考博英語-北京科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)76

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-北京科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Nothingcanbemoreabsurdthantosaythathumanbeingsaredoomed.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compelling

B.rational

C.ridiculous

D.ambiguous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。absurd表示“荒謬的”；A項(xiàng)compelling“引人注目的，令人信服的”，B項(xiàng)rational“合理的，理性的”，C項(xiàng)ridiculous“可笑的，荒謬的”，D項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的”。句意：沒有什么比說人類命中注定更荒謬的了。根據(jù)句意可知C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thispatient’slifecouldbesavedonlybyamajoroperation.Thatwould（）hertoahighrisk.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.expose

B.lead

C.contribute

D.send

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)expose“暴露”，B項(xiàng)lead“導(dǎo)致”，C項(xiàng)contribute“貢獻(xiàn)”，D項(xiàng)send“發(fā)送，寄”。上文講到“只有大手術(shù)才能挽救這位病人的生命”，根據(jù)risk（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）猜測空格處是表示“使病人面臨”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有expose最符合句意。句意：只有大手術(shù)才能挽救這位病人的生命；那會(huì)讓她面臨很高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，該題A項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Theuniformsystemoftime-keepingintheUnitedStateswasnotestablisheduntilthelatenineteenthcentury.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.personal

B.efficient

C.consistent

D.practical

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。uniform表示“統(tǒng)一的，一致的”；A項(xiàng)personal“個(gè)人的”，B項(xiàng)efficient“有效的”，C項(xiàng)consistent“始終如一的，一致的”，D項(xiàng)practical“實(shí)際的”。句意：直到19世紀(jì)后期，美國才建立統(tǒng)一的計(jì)時(shí)制度。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Thepresidentialcandidate（）hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enforced

B.enriched

C.intensified

D.consolidated

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)enforce“實(shí)施，執(zhí)行，強(qiáng)制”，B項(xiàng)enrich“使充實(shí)，使肥沃”，C項(xiàng)intensify“增加，強(qiáng)化”，D項(xiàng)consolidate“鞏固，加強(qiáng)”。根據(jù)后面的hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections（通過贏得幾次初選而獲得職位）可知，空格部分表示“鞏固”。句意：這位總統(tǒng)候選人通過贏得幾次初選鞏固了自己的地位。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Despitetremendousachievements,formidableobstaclestodevelopmentwillpersist.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.difficultt

B.sustainablet

C.externalt

D.unpredictable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。formidable表示“強(qiáng)大的，可怕的”；A項(xiàng)difficult“困難的，艱難的”，B項(xiàng)sustainable“可以忍受的，足以支撐的”，C項(xiàng)external“外部的，外表的”，D項(xiàng)unpredictable“不可預(yù)知的，出乎意料的”。句意：盡管取得了巨大成就，但發(fā)展仍將面臨巨大障礙。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.WhethersuchincreasesduetohigherCO2concentrationwouldactuallyberealizedisuncertain,becauseofproblemsinextrapolatingfromidealizedlaboratoryandmodelingresultstofieldconditions.

Theclearmessageofthisworkisthatgreatereffortsareneededtotakeaccountofthe“noise”ofnaturalclimatevariabilitywhenconsideringthe“signal”ofclimatechange.Inparticular,caremustbetakenininterpretingtheresultsofimpactassessments,especiallythosewhichuseclimatesimulationsovershortperiodsonly.

Muchmoreremainstobedone.Forexample,theuseofsimulatedmonthlyclimatedatabyHulmeetal,evenwheninterpolatedtodailydatabystatisticalmethods,leavesopenthepossibilityofsystematicchangesinday-to-dayvariabilityandextremesduetoclimatechange.Thesecouldwelldominatetheeffectsofclimatechangeonbothriverflowandwheatyield.Takingthemintoaccountwillrequiretheanalysisofdailyoutputfromtheclimatemodels,especiallyatfinespatialresolution.

Moreimportantly,inunderstandingthemessagefromHulmeetal,weneedtodistinguishbetweenconfidencelevelsusedforthedetectabilityofsimulatedorrealimpactsduetoclimatechange,andthoseneededtodecideiftheinformationaboutpossiblefutureimpactsisusefulfordecision-makers.Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.

Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.Incasessuchasestimationoffloodfrequencyandoftheoccurrenceofmoisturestressincrops,whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.

1.Accordingtothestudy,highwheatyieldsinEuropemostsignificantlyneed（）.

2.Ahighlevelofconfidenceisneededwhenwe（）.

3.Toidentifythepossiblefutureimpactsofclimatechange,scientists（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.highertemperaturet

B.heavyrainfallt

C.higherCO2concentrationst

D.naturalclimatechanget

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.takeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurringt

B.use“detectability”asanevidenceofclimatechanget

C.decideiftheinformationisusefulfordecision-makerst

D.estimatethescopeofwheatyieldsincreasest

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.onlyneedanidealizedlaboratoryt

B.mayspendyearstoobtainandanalyzevalidstatisticalevidencet

C.planadaptationmeasuresafterthechangeoccurst

D.setnewclimatemodelst

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.WaysofimprovingWheatYieldsinEuropet

B.ClimateChangeandWheatYieldst

C.StatisticalEvidenceofClimateChanget

D.SimulatedExperimentsonRiverFlowt

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itisimportanttodetecttrendsintotalozoneorriverflow.t

B.Ittakesdecadestodetectclimatechangestatistically.t

C.Whatismoreimportantistoplanadaptationmeasuresagainstbadeffectsofclimatechange.t

D.Wheatyieldiscloselyrelatedtoclimate.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，在歐洲高小麥產(chǎn)量最需要的是……”。文章第一段前三句提到WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.（歐洲的小麥產(chǎn)量對(duì)溫度和降雨的自然變化高度敏感；在這些模擬中，在兩種情景下，僅有氣候變化，到2050年就會(huì)只有三個(gè)北歐國家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加；但是，增加更高的二氧化碳濃度對(duì)植物生長的估計(jì)影響，會(huì)顯著增加產(chǎn)量，研究中包括的所有10個(gè)國家的產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)在都顯著增加），溫度、降雨量和二氧化碳都包括在自然氣候變化里，它們都能提高小麥產(chǎn)量，但是添加更多的二氧化碳濃度能使所有10個(gè)國家的產(chǎn)量顯著增加，所以A項(xiàng)“更高溫度”、B項(xiàng)“大降雨量”和D項(xiàng)“自然氣候變化”都不選，C項(xiàng)“更高的二氧化碳濃度”符合題意。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“當(dāng)我們……需要有很高的可信度”。第四段第二句提到Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.（可探測性，作為氣候變化的證據(jù)，可以說需要很高的可信度，比如95%或99%的水平），由此可知B項(xiàng)“使用可探測性作為氣候變化的證據(jù)”正確。第四段最后一句指出Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.（另一方面，如果我們認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生，并且我們正在尋求有用的建議，了解可能的后果，低一點(diǎn)的信心可能就足夠了）可知A項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為氣候變化正在發(fā)生是理所當(dāng)然的”不正確；C項(xiàng)“決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用”，文中沒有提到關(guān)于決定信息是否對(duì)決策者有用的可信度，所以C項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“估計(jì)小麥產(chǎn)量增加的范圍”文章沒有提及。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“為了確定氣候變化可能帶來的未來影響，科學(xué)家們……”。最后一段第一句指出Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.（研究數(shù)據(jù)集的長度是必要的，以檢測在變化的背景下的平均值的真正變化，例如檢測總臭氧或河流量的趨勢(shì)，表明即使這種變化是真實(shí)的，它可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間才能被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來）由此可知，為了確定氣候變化可能帶來的未來影響，可能需要花費(fèi)幾十年的時(shí)間來統(tǒng)計(jì)，故B項(xiàng)“可能花費(fèi)數(shù)年的時(shí)間來獲取和分析有效的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”正確。A項(xiàng)“只需要一個(gè)理想化的實(shí)驗(yàn)室”和D項(xiàng)“建立新的氣候模型”文章未提及；C項(xiàng)“計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施”，文章最后一句話提到whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化），可知要想計(jì)劃氣候變化發(fā)生后的適應(yīng)措施，在此之前需要估計(jì)其發(fā)生的可能性，也就是需要花費(fèi)幾十年來統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:主旨大意題。題干意思是“下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是這篇文章的最佳標(biāo)題？”。通讀文章可知，文章主要講述氣候變化對(duì)歐洲小麥產(chǎn)量的影響，故B項(xiàng)“氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“歐洲提高小麥產(chǎn)量的方法”，這是探索氣候變化與小麥產(chǎn)量的一個(gè)過程，不能概括全文；C項(xiàng)“氣候變化的統(tǒng)計(jì)證據(jù)”和D項(xiàng)“河流流量模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)”都只是部分提及，比較片面。故該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以了解到什么？”。A項(xiàng)“檢測總臭氧或河流流量的趨勢(shì)是重要的”只是文章中的一個(gè)例子，不能夠表達(dá)原文意思；B項(xiàng)“用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法檢測氣候變化需要幾十年的時(shí)間”，表達(dá)太過絕對(duì)，文中只是提到itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecades（這可能需要幾十年的時(shí)間）；C項(xiàng)“更重要的是制定應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化不利影響的適應(yīng)措施”，表述不正確，根據(jù)文章最后一句話whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.（要確定未來氣候變化的“危險(xiǎn)”水平，或計(jì)劃適應(yīng)措施，所需要的是在這些影響發(fā)生之前估計(jì)其發(fā)生可能性的變化）可知，更為重要的是能夠預(yù)測這些氣候變化對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量帶來的影響；D項(xiàng)“小麥產(chǎn)量與氣候密切相關(guān)”符合原文。故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

SomestatesintheUShaveset（）standardsconcerningmathandsciencetests.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.energetic

B.vigorous

C.rigorous

D.grave

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)energetic“精力充沛的，積極的”，B項(xiàng)vigorous“有力的”，C項(xiàng)rigorous“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)格的”，D項(xiàng)grave“重大的，嚴(yán)肅的”；根據(jù)空格后面的standard（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）以及關(guān)鍵詞mathandsciencetests（數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)測試），結(jié)合句子的語境，只有C項(xiàng)符合。句意：美國的一些州已經(jīng)為數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)考試設(shè)置了嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thismonumentimagewasdesignedto（stirup）emotionsofaweandrespect,butcouldscarcelyevokefeelingsofwarmthandaffection.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tangle

B.teem

C.stipulate

D.agitate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。stirup表示“激起，煽動(dòng)”；A項(xiàng)tangle“（使）纏結(jié)在一起，（使）亂成一團(tuán)”，B項(xiàng)teem“大量出現(xiàn)，充滿”，C項(xiàng)stipulate“規(guī)定，保證”，D項(xiàng)agitate“搖動(dòng)，騷動(dòng)”。句意：這個(gè)紀(jì)念碑形象的設(shè)計(jì)是為了激起敬畏和尊敬的情緒，但幾乎不能喚起溫暖和喜愛的感情。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thebeliefthatit’shealthytoletoffsteamnolonger（）forweareworkingunderheavypressure.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.holds

B.carries

C.takes

D.stands

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)hold“擁有，持有”，B項(xiàng)carry“拿，攜帶”，C項(xiàng)take“行得通，花費(fèi)”，D項(xiàng)stand“站立，位于”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格部分是和名詞belief（信念）構(gòu)成主謂，把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別代入，只有take符合。句意：因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)诰薮蟮膲毫ο鹿ぷ?，所以不再相信釋放壓力是有益健康的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Hewillbeconsideredtohavenothinglessthanfullacquaintancewiththenatureofthethingandtoshareintheknowledgeofit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.limitationt

B.remarkt

C.ownershipt

D.understanding

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。acquaintance表示“了解，相識(shí)”；A項(xiàng)limitation“限制”，B項(xiàng)remark“注意，言辭”，C項(xiàng)ownership“所有權(quán)，物主身份”，D項(xiàng)understanding“理解”。句意：他將被認(rèn)為完全了解事物的性質(zhì)，并分享對(duì)它的知識(shí)。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Therehavebeensomespeculationsattimesastowhowilltakeoverthecompany.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.onoccasion

B.atpresent

C.bynow

D.forsure

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。attimes表示“有時(shí)，偶爾”；A項(xiàng)onoccasion“有時(shí)，偶爾”，B項(xiàng)atpresent“目前，現(xiàn)在”，C項(xiàng)bynow“到目前為止”，D項(xiàng)forsure“確實(shí)，毫無疑問”。句意：關(guān)于誰將接管公司，不時(shí)有一些猜測。根據(jù)句意可知，選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(頭盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)薩塔瓦，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（薩塔瓦說：“有了虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，我們將能夠在每條戰(zhàn)壕里都安置一名外科醫(yī)生?！彼O(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室），由此可以推理，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)在醫(yī)學(xué)上的應(yīng)用可以改善戰(zhàn)場上的醫(yī)療條件，故C項(xiàng)“將大大改善戰(zhàn)場上的醫(yī)療條件”正確。A項(xiàng)“將使外科醫(yī)生能夠親臨每一個(gè)戰(zhàn)場”，表述與原文不符；B項(xiàng)“可以鼓舞在戰(zhàn)場上受傷的士兵的精神”和D項(xiàng)“可以縮短在戰(zhàn)場上受傷的士兵的行動(dòng)時(shí)間”文章沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“如何進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)？”。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生觀察手術(shù)的三維圖像時(shí)，他們移動(dòng)與計(jì)算機(jī)相連的儀器，計(jì)算機(jī)將他們的動(dòng)作傳遞給實(shí)施手術(shù)的機(jī)器人儀器）可知，C項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生通過排列在機(jī)器上的計(jì)算機(jī)移動(dòng)機(jī)器器械”正確。A項(xiàng)“它是由計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的高精度設(shè)備執(zhí)行的”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“外科醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔接受電腦提供的反饋”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科醫(yī)生將通過虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔觀察士兵，頭盔上有一個(gè)顯示傷口圖像的小屏幕），可知醫(yī)生是通過頭盔親自觀察士兵的傷情，而不是通過接收機(jī)器人的反饋；D項(xiàng)“一幅3d圖像記錄了外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)過程中的動(dòng)作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大腦深處的腫瘤時(shí)，她在術(shù)前拍攝的病人大腦計(jì)算機(jī)圖形圖像中觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作）可知，3d圖像是醫(yī)生用來觀察手術(shù)工具的動(dòng)作，而不是記錄外科醫(yī)生的動(dòng)作，D項(xiàng)表述不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“薩塔瓦幻想……”。根據(jù)文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他設(shè)想有一天，在海外戰(zhàn)斗中受傷的士兵可以被安置在配備電腦的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室）可推理，理查德?薩塔瓦設(shè)想受傷的戰(zhàn)士可以在移動(dòng)的手術(shù)室通過遠(yuǎn)程控制電腦實(shí)現(xiàn)被遠(yuǎn)程救治，故A項(xiàng)“用遙控技術(shù)治療海外作戰(zhàn)的受傷士兵”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“傷兵在戰(zhàn)場上被醫(yī)生戴著虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)頭盔拯救”，表述不準(zhǔn)確，頭盔是醫(yī)生用來觀察傷情而非實(shí)行救治的；C項(xiàng)“受過專門訓(xùn)練的外科醫(yī)生對(duì)受傷士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（醫(yī)生們將指導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)場上的移動(dòng)手術(shù)室內(nèi)的機(jī)器人設(shè)備為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)），可知是通過機(jī)器人為士兵進(jìn)行手術(shù)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“在海外設(shè)立流動(dòng)手術(shù)室”是以偏概全。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“在虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)中，外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口，因?yàn)椤?。倒?shù)第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在這些手術(shù)過程中，通過身體的小切口進(jìn)行的手術(shù)中，操作微型相機(jī)和手術(shù)工具的外科醫(yī)生戴著3D眼鏡，以便更好地觀察），由此可知外科醫(yī)生可以更好地看到身體的切口是因?yàn)?d眼鏡提供的更好的視野，故D項(xiàng)“他戴著3d眼鏡”正確。A項(xiàng)“他正在看電腦屏幕上的切口”，表述不夠準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“切口可以從不同的角度檢查”和C項(xiàng)“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儭?。根?jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他們還命令機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更精確地切除組織）可知，機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生比人類外科醫(yī)生更能精確的實(shí)行組織切除，這是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)手術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的改進(jìn)的原因；故D項(xiàng)“由機(jī)器人外科醫(yī)生更精確地完成”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)受傷的人造成較少的痛苦”、B項(xiàng)“讓病人恢復(fù)得更快”和C項(xiàng)“將使人類外科醫(yī)生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

AskmostpeoplehowtheydefinetheAmericanDreamandchancesarethey’llsay,“Success.”ThedreamofindividualopportunityhasbeenhomeinAmericanssinceEuropeansdiscovereda“newworld”intheWesternHemisphere.EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders:inLettersfromanAmericanFarmer(1782)hewrote,“Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.”Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.

OurnationalmythologyisfullofillustrationoftheAmericansuccessstory.There’sBenjaminFranklin,theverymodeloftheself-educated,self-mademan,whorosefrommodestoriginstobecomeawell-knownscientist,philosopher,andstatesman.Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales.Thenotionofsuccesshauntsus:wespendmillionseveryyearreadingabouttherichandfamous,learninghowto“makeafortuneinrealestatewithnomoneydown,”and“dressingforsuccess.”Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.

Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.EveryAmericanwhohopesto“makeit”alsoknowsthefearoffailure,becausethemythofsuccessinevitablyimpliescomparisonbetweenthehavesandthehave-nots,thestarsandtheanonymouscrowd.Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.

1.WhatistheessenceoftheAmericanDreamaccordingtoCrevecoeur?

2.Bysaying“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”(Para.1),theauthormeans（）.

3.ThecharactersdescribedinHoratioAlger’snovelsarepeoplewho（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthat（）.

5.WhatistheparadoxofAmericancultureaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Peoplearefreetodeveloptheirpowerofimagination.t

B.Peoplewhoarehonestandworkhardcansucceed.t

C.Peoplearefreefromexploitationandoppression.t

D.Peoplecanfullyenjoyindividualfreedom.t

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.themorediligentoneis,thebiggerhisreturnst

B.laboriousworkensuresthegrowthofanindustryt

C.aman’sbusinessshouldbedevelopedstepbystept

D.acompany’ssuccessdependsonitsemployees’hardworkt

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.succeededinrealestateinvestmentt

B.earnedenormousfortunesbychancest

C.becamewealthyafterstartinglifeverypoort

D.becamefamousdespitetheirmodestoriginst

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.businesssuccessoftencontributestoasuccessfulmarriaget

B.Americanswishtosucceedineveryaspectoflifet

C.goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtobusinesssuccesst

D.successfulbusinesspeopleprovidegoodcarefortheirchildrent

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheAmericanroadtosuccessisfullofnightmares.t

B.Statussymbolsarenotarealindicatorofaperson’swealth.t

C.TheAmericanDreamisnothingbutanemptydream.t

D.WhatAmericansstriveafteroftencontradictstheirbeliefs.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“在克雷夫科爾看來，美國夢(mèng)的本質(zhì)是什么？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第一段EarlyimmigrantslikeHectorSt.JeandeCrevecoeurpraisedhighlythefreedomandopportunitytobefoundinthisnewland.HisglowingdescriptionsofaclasslesssocietywhereanyonecouldattainsuccessthroughhonestyandhardworkfiredtheimaginationsofmanyEuropeanreaders（像克雷夫科爾這樣的早期移民高度贊揚(yáng)了在這片新土地上發(fā)現(xiàn)的自由和機(jī)會(huì)；他對(duì)一個(gè)任何人都可以通過誠實(shí)和勤奮獲得成功的無階級(jí)社會(huì)的熱情洋溢的描述激發(fā)了許多歐洲讀者的想象力），由此可知，在克雷夫科爾看來，這里的人只要誠實(shí)、努力工作就會(huì)獲得成功的機(jī)會(huì)，而這種機(jī)會(huì)從根本上說是源自美國的自由；故D項(xiàng)“人們可以充分享受個(gè)人自由”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“人們可以自由地發(fā)展自己的想象力”，表述與原文不符合；B項(xiàng)“誠實(shí)和努力工作的人能成功”，表述太絕對(duì)；C項(xiàng)“人民從剝削和壓迫中解放出來”這不屬于克雷夫科爾的觀點(diǎn)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“第一段作者通過說‘一個(gè)人的辛勤勞動(dòng)所得到的回報(bào)與他的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)步是同等的’的意思是……”。題干的句子出現(xiàn)在文章第一段最后一句話Thepromiseofalandwhere“therewardsofaman’sindustryfollowwithequalstepstheprogressofhislabor”drewpoorimmigrantsfromEuropeandfuelednationalexpansionintothewesternterritories.（在這片土地上，“一個(gè)人的辛勤勞動(dòng)所得到的回報(bào)與他的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)步是同等的”，這一承諾吸引了來自歐洲的貧窮移民，并推動(dòng)了國家向西部地區(qū)的擴(kuò)張），結(jié)合上一句Weareallexcitedatthespiritofanindustrywhichisunfetteredandunrestrained,becauseeachpersonworksforhimself—Wehavenoprinces,forwhomwetoil,starve,andbleed:wearethemostperfectsocietynowexistingintheworld.（我們都對(duì)一種不受束縛、不受約束的工業(yè)精神感到興奮，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都為自己工作；我們沒有為他們辛勞、挨餓和流血的君主；我們是現(xiàn)存于世界上最完美的社會(huì)）可知，題干的這句話的意思是一個(gè)人越勤奮得到的回報(bào)越多，故A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人越勤奮，他的回報(bào)就越大”正確。B項(xiàng)“費(fèi)力的工作確保了產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展”和C項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人的事業(yè)應(yīng)該一步一步的發(fā)展”均不符合原文意思；D項(xiàng)“一個(gè)公司的成功取決于它的員工的努力工作”，文章沒有提到公司。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“阿爾杰小說中描述的人物是……”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段第三句Inthenineteenthcentury,HoratioAlger,awriteroffictionforyoungboys,becameAmerican’sbest-sellingauthorwithrags-to-richestales（19世紀(jì)，年輕男孩小說作家阿爾杰憑借描寫白手起家的故事成為美國暢銷書作家）可知，阿爾杰小說中描述的人物是白手起家的，故C項(xiàng)“在開始貧窮的生活后變得富有”正確。A項(xiàng)“在房地產(chǎn)投資上很成功”不是描述阿爾杰小說的內(nèi)容；B項(xiàng)“靠運(yùn)氣賺了巨大的財(cái)富”和D項(xiàng)“雖然出身卑微，卻很出名”不正確。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“從第二段的最后一句話可以推斷出……”。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Themythofsuccesshaseveninvadedourpersonalrelationships:todayit’sasimportanttobe“successful”inmarriageorparenthoodsasitistocomeoutontopinbusiness.（成功的神話甚至已經(jīng)侵入了我們的人際關(guān)系：如今，在婚姻或?yàn)槿烁改阜矫嫒〉谩俺晒Α迸c在事業(yè)上取得成功一樣重要），由此可推斷，美國人希望在婚姻、生活和事業(yè)等各方面都取得成功，故B項(xiàng)“美國人希望在生活的各個(gè)方面都成功”正確。A項(xiàng)“事業(yè)上的成功往往有助于一個(gè)成功的婚姻”和C項(xiàng)“良好的人際關(guān)系導(dǎo)致商業(yè)成功”，表述不準(zhǔn)確；D項(xiàng)“成功的商人為他們的孩子提供良好的照顧”文章未提及。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者認(rèn)為美國文化的悖論是什么？”。根據(jù)文章最后一句Thesesymbolsofdistinctionassureusandothersthatwebelievestronglyinthefundamentalequalityofall,yetstriveashardaswecantoseparateourselvesfromourfellowcitizens.（這些身份差別的象征物一方面使我們堅(jiān)信人人平等，另一方面我們又竭盡全力將自己和他人區(qū)分開來），由此可知美國人崇尚人人平等，但是又努力追求成功和地位，所以D項(xiàng)“美國人所追求的往往與他們的信仰相矛盾”表述正確。A項(xiàng)“美國的成功之路充滿了噩夢(mèng)”，原文是Butdreamseasilyturnintonightmares.（但是夢(mèng)很容易變成噩夢(mèng)），該項(xiàng)表述不準(zhǔn)確；B項(xiàng)“地位的象征并不是一個(gè)人財(cái)富的真實(shí)指標(biāo)”，最后一段指出Underpressureofthemyth,webecomeindulgedinstatussymbols:wetrytoliveinthe“right”neighborhoods,wearthe“right”clothes,eatthe“right”foods.（在神話的壓力下，我們沉迷于地位的象征：我們?cè)噲D住在“正確”的社區(qū)，穿“正確”的衣服，吃“正確”的食物），可知文章并沒有把地位和財(cái)富作比較；C項(xiàng)“美國夢(mèng)只是一個(gè)空洞的夢(mèng)”，文中沒有這樣表述。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

IntheNavajohousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplayindispensablerolesinraisingchildren.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dominant

B.exemplary

C.essential

D.demanding

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。indispensable表示“不可缺少的”；A項(xiàng)dominant“占優(yōu)勢(shì)的，支配的”，B項(xiàng)exemplary“典范的，懲戒性”，C項(xiàng)essential“必要的”，D項(xiàng)demanding“要求高的，苛求的”。句意：在納瓦霍家庭中，祖父母和其他親戚在撫養(yǎng)孩子方面扮演著不可或缺的角色。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

（）thisdulllife,thefull-timemomdecidedtofindapart-timejob.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Tiedupwith

B.Fedupwith

C.Wrappedupin

D.Piledupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)tiedupwith“和……有密切關(guān)系”，B項(xiàng)fedupwith“受夠了；極厭惡”，C項(xiàng)wrappedupin“醉心于……的；全心照料……的”，D項(xiàng)piledupwith“堆滿”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dulllife（沉悶的生活）可知，空格處填入“厭倦”最合適。句意：厭倦了這種枯燥的生活，全職媽媽決定找一份兼職工作。因此，該題B項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Assuminglythathedisagreeswithourproposal,whatshallwedonext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.If

B.Whatif

C.When

D.Whatabout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析與條件狀語從句。Assumingly的動(dòng)詞原形是assume，放在句首表示疑問“假定，假使”；A項(xiàng)if“如果”，一般用法為ifthat+從句；B項(xiàng)whatif“假使……將會(huì)怎么樣”，用法為whatif+主語+謂語；C項(xiàng)when“何時(shí)”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句；D項(xiàng)whatabout“怎么樣”，引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。句意：假如他不同意我們的建議，那我們下一步怎么辦？根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

17.單選題

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofeventheearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitandit’srecord-keeping,istrivialascompar