APA正文格式樣例

PAGEPAGE101.Introduction正文中的正文中的一級標題用14號timesNewRoman加粗，標題在某一頁的開始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。所有標題左對齊APA格式：每級標題下的正文第二段開始，以后每段都縮進五個字符。APA格式：每級標題下的正文首段不縮進Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybecomeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish(Zhang,2009,p.8).Forexample:“Asamansows,soheshallreap”canbetranslatedinto“種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆”,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot”istranslatedas“趁熱打鐵”,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart”canbetranslatedinto“路遙知馬力,日久見人心”APA格式：每級標題下的正文第二段開始，以后每段都縮進五個字符。APA格式：每級標題下的正文首段不縮進正文中的一級標題用14號timesNewRoman加粗，段前兩行，段后一行。所有標題左對齊。正文中所有標題中只有第一個詞的首字母，冒號和破折號后第一個詞的首字母，及專有名詞必須大寫，其余小寫全部正文內容使用word1.5倍行距，正文中的一級標題用14號timesNewRoman加粗，段前兩行，段后一行。所有標題左對齊。正文中所有標題中只有第一個詞的首字母，冒號和破折號后第一個詞的首字母，及專有名詞必須大寫，其余小寫全部正文內容使用word1.5倍行距，12號TimesNewRoman從引言那頁開始標頁碼，頁碼居中對齊。ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.2.Thecultural正文中的一級標題用14號timesNewRoman加粗，上空兩行下空一行,即段前兩行，段后一行。所有標題左對齊。正文中的一級標題用14號timesNewRoman加粗，上空兩行下空一行,即段前兩行，段后一行。所有標題左對齊。MLA格式中，每個標題里每個實義詞首字母大寫Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idioms二級標題及以下標題使用12號timesNewRoman加粗，段前一行，然后回車正常行距書寫正文二級標題及以下標題使用12號timesNewRoman加粗，段前一行，然后回車正常行距書寫正文。2.1Thedefinitionofculture正文不出現(xiàn)作者姓，則在括號中，作者姓，年份，p.頁數(shù)Cultureisalargeandextremelycomplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture”havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertaincommunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”(Luo,2005,p.27).正文不出現(xiàn)作者姓，則在括號中，作者姓，年份，p.頁數(shù)正文出現(xiàn)作者姓，括號中寫（年份，p.頁碼）或（年份，pp.起止頁碼）ChinesescholarKe(2000,pp.142-143)statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:1)Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2)Cultureissharedamongthemembersofacommunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3)Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4)正文出現(xiàn)作者姓，括號中寫（年份，p.頁碼）或（年份，pp.起止頁碼）2.2ThedefinitionofidiomIdiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbecomedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后內容已省略ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone(2004,p.873).ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsarecomposedofseveralwords(fromtwowordstomanywords)andsomeareevenmadeofacompletesentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions(Yu&Guo,1999,p.170).括號中兩個作者中間加&2.3TherelationshipbetweenidiomandcultureLanguageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后內容已省略間接引用格式如下：Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.在找不到作者原書無法進行直接引用時，可間接引用。如Grayson的原書找不到，但是Murzynski&Degelman在他們書中引用過，則可以在括號中標出（原作者，ascitedin后再寫引用過原作者話的作者名字（即Murzynski&Degelman），年份，p.頁碼）即可，在文章最后的參考文獻中要寫你能找到書的學者名字，即Murzynski&Degelman。一級標題（如3.）和二級標題（如3.1）后可以是一段內容，但至少三行。三級標題（如3.1.1）后至少兩段內容。每級標題之間必須有內容一級標題（如3.）和二級標題（如3.1）后可以是一段內容，但至少三行。三級標題（如3.1.1）后至少兩段內容。每級標題之間必須有內容Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.3.1FromlivingsurroundingsCultureisacomplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.3.1.1GeographicalenvironmentIdiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture(Zhang,1997,p.45).Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory(Zhang,1999,p.67).按APA規(guī)范，同一作者的不同文獻可用出版年份來區(qū)別，如：Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’按APA規(guī)范，同一作者的不同文獻可用出版年份來區(qū)別，如：3.1.2ClimateClimateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind”comesfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly”and“unpleasant”.SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind”.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.APA格式中3到5個作者的作品，引用格式如下：第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentirecommunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).以后的引用，不用每個姓都寫，只第一個就可Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility”(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).3.2Fromreligiousbelief后幾段已省略。本頁只為說明論文的結構，故省略了其中很多段落。Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后內容已省略AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.e.g:(1)Astheysow,sotheyreap.種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆.(Galatians6)PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.”(2)Judas’skiss.猶大之吻(Matthew26)Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedoutforhimonlythirtysilvercoins.(3)thesaltoftheearth社會中堅(Matthew5)ThisidiomcomesfromtheBible.以后內容已省略3.3Fromcustom Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.AmongEnglishidioms,weoftencomparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog”(你是一個幸運兒),“everydoghashisday”(凡人皆有得意日),“l(fā)oveme,lovemydog”(愛屋及烏),“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.”(有功者受賞)andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.3.4FromvalueorientationFrompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedincommunication.3.4.1ModestyBritainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialcompetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.Therefore,theChinesehavemoremodestlanguagethanEnglishinthesocialactivities.3.4.2IndividualismBeingguidedandinfluencedbythespiritofcompetition,westernpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualism.IntheeyesofWesterners,individualismmeansapursuitoffreedomanddiversity,therearedifferencesofpeople’sbehavior,speech,thinking,whicharealmostsynonymouswithindividualism.以后內容已省略Thesocialconditionsofwesterndevelopedcountriesleadsmanypeopletoacceptthiskindoffaith,“Everymanforhimselfandgodforusall”(人人為自己，上帝為大家),“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”(自助者天助),“Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfuture”(自己的命運自己掌握),“Selfisourcentre”(自我是我們的中心).3.5FromdifferentviewsoncolorsTheidiomaticphrasescanreflectthechangeofoutsideworld,thedevelopmentofpeople’sthoughtsandtheprogressofanera,anditcanalsoreflectthecolorfulworld.Thewordsrelatedtocolorareanimportantpartofidiomaticphrases;theyhavespecificfunctionsandabundantmeanings.以后內容已省略文章的各級標題和內容要放在同一頁上。如果標題在某頁的最下面，要挪到下一頁。標題之間需有文字內容，且不能只是一兩行，太少了。Differentnationshavedifferentfeelingsoncolorsbecausetheyhavedifferentlivingenvironmentandvisualangles.Thisleadstotheidiomaticphraseshavedifferentmeanings.ItisobviousthatEnglishandChinesehavedifferentwordstodescribecolors.Forexample,文章的各級標題和內容要放在同一頁上。如果標題在某頁的最下面，要挪到下一頁。標題之間需有文字內容，且不能只是一兩行，太少了。3.6FromdifferentdialecticalthoughtsIdiomsareusuallycloselyrelatedtodistinctivedialecticalthoughts.Idiomsfromdialecticalthoughtsarethegemsofhumanculturalheritage.ThewesternandChinesepeoplehavetheirowndialecticalthoughts,whichhaveprovidedrichandvariedmaterialsfortheiridioms,andconsequentlygiveanationalcolortotheidiomsinthetwolanguages.Westernerswouldliketolookatthingsdialectically.Inallaspectsoflife,peopletrytheirbesttopursueaharmoniousstateintheirlives,andtheyalwaysobedienttothenature.Thisisreflectedintheidioms,suchas“givewaytosb.toavoidaconflict”(退避三舍),“tolockthestablegateafterthehorsehasbolted”(亡羊補牢),“thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthefence”(這山望著那山高).Incontrasttothewesterners,Chinesepeopleliketorecognizethingsasawholethatcan’tbeseparated.以后內容已省略

Fromtheexamples,peoplecanseetheChineseidiomshavestructurestabilitywhiletheEnglishidiomshavefreestyles.4.ConclusionWehavediscussedsomuchabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms.Itisanimportantissuetounderstandandhandletherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage.Meanwhile,languageisnotonlytheculture’simportantcontentbutalsothecarrierofculture,socultureandlanguageareawhole.Idiomsconstitutethekernelofalanguage.Variouskindsofculturaldifferencesconstituteculturalbarriers.Thereforehowtosolvetheculturalfactorsinidiomsisatouchstoneofsuccessfulrenderingofidioms.Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.以后內容已省略Inthispaper,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturesinidiomshavebeenexplainedinordertoseekbetterwaysforcommunication.Onlybydoingthiscanwetryourbesttominimizedifficultiesofculturalcommunicationcausedbyculturaldifferences.Conclusion部分要和正文部分比例協(xié)調，且涵蓋要點Conclusion不用另起一頁，因為它是正文的一部分References（頂格即左對齊）；References（頂格即左對齊）；（TimesNewRoman4號加粗)(段后一行，1.5倍行距。文獻內容TimesNewRoman小4號，先全部選中設為1.5倍行距，然后每個條目再分別設為段后一行CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary.(2000).London:TheUniversityofBirmingham&HarperCollinsPublishers.中國作者作品格式姓,名.(年份).書名斜體.出版地：出版社.Ke,Ping.(2000).Culturalpresuppositionandmisunderstanding中國作者作品格式姓,名.(年份).書名斜體.出版地：出版社.Lado,R.(1985).Linguisticsacrosscultures.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress.外國作者作品格式姓,名首字母.(年份).書名斜體.出版地：出版社.Luo,Hong.(2005).TranslationbetweenEnglishandChineseontermsofnationalculture.外國作者作品格式姓,名首字母.(年份).書名斜體.出版地：出版社.Nida,E.A.(2001).Language,cultureandtranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Yu,Fuming,&Guo,Shanlian.(1999).AcomparativestudyofEnglish&Chinese