考研考博-英語-四川希望汽車職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川希望汽車職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Onbehalfofmycompany,Iam（）toyouandyourcolleaguesforyourgeneroushelp.

問題1選項

A.subjected

B.inclined

C.available

D.obliged

【答案】D

【解析】考查短語搭配。A選項subject與to搭配，意思是“隸屬于”；B選項inclineto“傾向于”；C選項availableto“供給”；D選項obligedto“感激”，句意：我代表我的公司，對你和你的同事們的慷慨幫助表示感謝。A，B，C項都不符合題意，故選D。

2.填空題

A.Savemorebylessusingastoreloyaltycard

B.Knowyouarebeingtracked

C.Youmaypayapremiumifyouarealazyshopper

D.Notetheoriginalprice

E.Steerclearof99-centstores

F.Don’tfallforpricesendingin9.99or95

G.Notethemissingdollarsigns

Remember“subliminaladvertising”—thosehiddenmessagessupposedlyusedtoselluseverythingfromcigarettestosoftdrinks?Itturnsoutwe’restillbeingmanipulatedbymarketers.Whatyoushouldknowabouttheirtactics:

56.__________.Theseso-calledcharmpricesmakeusthinktheyreflectgooddeals.Wealsotendtoroundthemdown,readingapricelike$5.99as$5.aphenomenonknownastheleft-digiteffect.Thejournalist,William,alsonotesthatmarkdownsdon’toftenincludethesemagicnumbers.That’sbecausewhenthediscountiseasytocalculate,wethinkit’sbetterbargain.Thus“Originally$20,now$15”willtemptyoumorethan“Originally$20,now$13.99”,eventhoughthelattersavesyoumore.

57.__________.Notonlyaretheyloadedwithcharm-priced.

Items,obviously,buttheyhaveaprofitmargintwicethatofWalmart.WilliamrevealsOneexception:ifyoulivealoneorhaveasmallfamily,reports.Thesestoresoftensellpint-sizepackagesoffood,allowingthosewhoconsumelesstoavoidwaste.

58.__________.FromDairyQueentoStarbucks,manyoffoodretailershavebegunsellingmini-sizetreatsatpricesthathardlymakethemagoodvalue,notesUSATodayTheyknowthatmanypeoplewouldratherbeseenasvirtuous—eatingfewcaloriesthananormalportioncontains—thanthriftyandthatthey’rewillingtospendmoreiftheydon’thavetoactuallydoleoutthoseportionsthemselves.

59.__________.AccordingtoaCornellUniversitystudyquotedatcbsmoneywatchcom.,dinersspentmuchlesswhenmenususedtheworddollarsorthedollarsignthanwhenonlynumeralswereusedtoindicateprice.

60.__________.Ifyouuseastoreloyaltycard,yourbuyinghabitsarebeingrecordedandoftenusedtolureyoutobuymore.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,retailersthesedaysaresuccessfullytrickingconsumersintospendingmorebydeterminingtheirspending“sweetspot”,basedonpreviouspurchases.Sothree12-pcksofPepsiaremarkedat$12.99atStop&shopbecausethegrocerknowsyou’llbuyatthatprice,evenifyoudon’tneedit.

【答案】56.F

57.D

58.C

59.G

60.B

【解析】56.定位到第一段Itturnsoutwe’restillbeingmanipulatedbymarketers.Whatyoushouldknowabouttheirtactics:（事實證明，我們?nèi)匀辉诒粻I銷人員所操縱。關于他們的戰(zhàn)術(shù)你應該知道的是：）由此可知下面所述內(nèi)容均為營銷人員的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。56題根據(jù)后一句的Theseso-calledcharmpricesmakeusthinktheyreflectgooddeals.（這些所謂的魅力價格讓我們認為它們反映了劃算的交易。）由these指示代詞可知，56題的句子中應該包含有多個價格，而有prices的選項只有F“不要受以9.99或者95結(jié)尾的價格所迷惑”，因此F選項正確，符合題意。

57.第二段單獨成行，為的是總結(jié)上一段內(nèi)容，第一段結(jié)尾Thus“Originally$20,now$15”willtemptyoumorethan“Originally$20,now$13.99”，eventhoughthelattersavesyoumore.（因此，“最初的20美元，現(xiàn)在的15美元”比“最初的20美元，現(xiàn)在的13.99美元”更吸引你，盡管后者能幫你節(jié)省更多。）以及空格后的一句Notonlyaretheyloadedwithcharm-priced.（它們不僅充滿魅力）可知除了看促銷價格外，更應該注重原價，因此D選項“請注意原價”正確，符合題意。

58.根據(jù)該段落的最后一句they’rewillingtospendmoreiftheydon’thavetoactuallydoleoutthoseportionsthemselves.（如果他們不需要自己動手分成小份，他們愿意花更多的錢。）可以推理出許多食品零售商已經(jīng)開始出售迷你零食，雖然價格很難讓它們物有所值，但是那些懶得動手的消費者仍會花更多的錢購買。因此C選項“如果你是一個懶惰的購物者，你可能要支付額外的費用”正確，很好地總結(jié)了該段的內(nèi)容。故選C。

59.根據(jù)空格后的一句AccordingtoaCornellUniversitystudyquotedatcbsmoneywatchcom.,dinersspentmuchlesswhenmenususedtheworddollarsorthedollarsignthanwhenonlynumeralswereusedtoindicateprice.（網(wǎng)站引用了康奈爾大學的一項研究。在美國，當菜單上使用美元或美元符號時，用餐者花費的錢要比只使用數(shù)字表示價格時少得多。）由此可知本段的主要信息為美元或者是美元符號的缺失，會顯得更加優(yōu)惠。因此概括項內(nèi)應該將dollar或者dollarsign體現(xiàn)出來。因此G選項“請注意缺少的美元符號”正確，符合題意。故選G。

60.根據(jù)空格后一句Ifyouuseastoreloyaltycard,yourbuyinghabitsarebeingrecordedandoftenusedtolureyoutobuymore.（如果你使用商店會員卡，你的購買習慣就會被記錄下來，經(jīng)常被用來引誘你買更多的東西。）以及retailersthesedaysaresuccessfullytrickingconsumersintospendingmorebydeterminingtheirspending“sweetspot”,basedonpreviouspurchases.（現(xiàn)在的零售商通過根據(jù)以往的購買情況來確定他們的消費“甜蜜點”，成功地誘使消費者增加支出。）由此可知，在大數(shù)據(jù)時代，你的每一筆消費會受到分析，從而讓你看到心動的物品或者以心動價立即購買。因此本段的主旨是想讓消費者知道這些推薦之所以會推送出來的原因。因此B選項“知道你被跟蹤了”正確，符合題意。故選B。

3.單選題

Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody.Itisoftencalledablankcellthatcanbeprogrammedtobecomeothercells.Researcherspredictthat,byusingstemcells,theycancreateorgansthatcanbetransplantedintopeoplewhodesperatelyneedthemtosavetheirlives.Themostcommonsourceofstemcellsisthehumanembryo,theinitialstageofhumanlifeafterafemaleeggisimpregnatedbyamalesperm.InthisveryfactliesanethicalconundrumthathasrockedboththemedicalandpoliticallandscapeoftheUnitedStatesandothercountries.Coupledwiththisisnewresearchincloning,whichhasseensomesuccessindevelopinganimalspecieswithouttheuseofnormalbirthingprocedures.Alloftheseareasofresearcharemakingquiteafewpeoplenervousaboutboththesourcesofstemcellsandwheretheresearchistakingmankind.

Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfourdifferentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells.Morallymanypeopleareoutragedbythesesources,claimingthathumanlifeisnotsomethingthatshouldbetamperedwithandcreatedjustforscientificandmedicalpurposes.Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun.

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthastakenanactiveroleinthedebateandisconsciouslylookingatthevotingboothwhilemakingdecisionsregardingstemcellresearch.Thegovernmentgavethego-aheadforfederalspendingonstemcellresearchbutlimitedactivitytospecimensthatalreadyexisted,meaningnonewembryoscouldbecreatedsolelyforstemcellresearch.Similarlawsregardingcloningresearchhavebeenproposed,includingtherapeuticcloning.Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,astemcellisunlikeothercellsbecause（）.

2.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,allofthefollowingaresourcesofsteincellsEXCEPT（）.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,themaindebateconcerningstemcellsourcesrevolvesaround（

）.

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?

5.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,Americanuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesareworriedabout（

）.

問題1選項

A.ithasatleast220differentparts

B.itcandevelopintoanyothercell

C.ithasbeenusedtocureillness

D.itisatthecenterofacontroversy

問題2選項

A.artificiallyimpregnatedwomen

B.humaneggsthatactliketheyarefertilized

C.embryosmadeforpeoplewhocannotconceive

D.theremainsofunwantedbabies1.（）.

問題3選項

A.howtheyareextractedfromthesource

B.whatthestemcellareusedfor

C.themethodsusedtoproducethem

D.whensomeonebelieveslifebegins

問題4選項

A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentisinvolvedinthedebateonstemcellsonlybecauseitisworriedaboutthevoters.

B.ThevotersaremakingtheUnitedStatesgovernmentworriedaboutitspositiononstemcellresearch.

C.TheissueofstemcellresearchisonethatUnitedStatesvotersareconcernedabout

D.TheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdecisionsonstemcellresearchreflectwhatitsvotingpublicwants.2.（）.

問題5選項

A.notgettingenoughfundsforstemcellresearch

B.losingpeopleforbetteropportunitieselsewhere

C.havingthegovernmentshutdowntheiroperations

D.havingtofindnewsourcesofstemcells

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。第一段指出:Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody(醫(yī)學界的新奇跡是干細胞。令人驚嘆的是，它可以成為構(gòu)成人體的近220種細胞中的任何一種),故選B“它能發(fā)展成任何其它的細胞”。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干問:根據(jù)第二段,以下哪項不是干細胞的來源。A:人工懷孕的女性,B:類似于已受精狀的人類卵子,C:為不孕的人所做的胚胎,D:意外懷孕產(chǎn)出的嬰兒的遺體。根據(jù)題干定位至第二段:Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfour

differentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells(大多數(shù)包含干細胞的胚胎來自四個不同的來源：經(jīng)常儲存有多余人類胚胎的產(chǎn)科；因意外懷孕而被流產(chǎn)的胎兒；治療性克隆（即人類卵子被刺激成胚胎狀）和特定的受精（即人類卵子被故意地與精子受精來創(chuàng)造一個胚胎，以便獲取其干細胞）),因此只有A未被提及。故選A。

3.細節(jié)事實題。第二段指出:Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun(這場爭論的中心是什么真正地構(gòu)成了人類，一方的人宣稱直到從母親身體生出來之后，人才真正存在，然而另一方的人卻宣稱一旦卵子和精子結(jié)合生命就開始了)。故選D“人們認為生命是從何吋開始”。

4.判斷推理題。最后一段劃線句句意為:美國政府己積極參與這場爭論，在做有關干細胞研究的決定吋正有意識地看著投票站。由此可知D項“美國政府有關干細胞研究的決定反映出其投票的公眾的需求”正確。

5.細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial(很多大學和研究中心擔心，這些法律可能導致它們優(yōu)秀和最杰出的科學家們前往干細胞研究沒有如此有爭議的海外尋求職位)。由此可知B“因海外更好的機會而流失人才”正確。

4.寫作題

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenwriteasummaryofitinEnglishinabout120words.Thesummaryyoumakeshoulddemonstrateyourverbalskillsinorganizingtheoriginalinformationandkeepthewordlimit.WriteyoursummaryontheANSWERSHEET.

Developmentsin19thcenturyEuropeareboundedbytwogreatevents.TheFrenchRevolutionbrokeoutin1789,anditseffectsreverberatedthroughoutmuchofEuropeformanydecades.WorldWarⅠbeganin1914.ItsinceptionresultedfrommanytrendsinEuropeansociety,culture,anddiplomacyduringthelate19thcentury.Inbetweentheseboundaries—theoneopeninganewsetoftrends,theotherbringinglong-standingtensionstoahead—muchofmodernEuropewasdefined.

Europeduringthis125-yearspanwasbothunitedanddeeplydivided.Anumberofbasicculturaltrends,includingnewliterarystylesandthespreadofscience,ranthroughtheentirecontinent.Europeanstateswereincreasinglylockedindiplomaticinteraction,culminatingincontinentwidealliancesystemafter1871.Atthesametime,thiswasthecenturyofgrowingnationalism,inwhichindividualstatesjealouslyprotectedtheiridentitiesandindeedestablishedmorerigorousbordercontrolsthaneverbefore.Finally,theEuropeancontinentwastoanextentdividedbetweentwozonesofdifferentialdevelopment.ChangessuchastheIndustrialRevolutionandpoliticalliberalizationspreadfirstandfastestinWesternEurope—Britain,France,theLowCountries,Scandinavia,and,toanextent,GermanyandItaly.EasternandsouthernEurope,moreruralattheoutsetoftheperiod,changedmoreslowlyandinsomewhatdifferentways.

Europewitnessedimportantcommonpatternsandincreasinginterconnections,butthesedevelopmentsmustbeassessedintermsofnation-statedivisionsand,evenmore,oflargerregions,differences.Sometrends,includingtheongoingimpactoftheFrenchRevolution,ranthroughvirtuallytheentire19thcentury.Othercharacteristics,however,hadashorterlifespan.

Somehistoriansprefertodivide19thcenturyhistoryintorelativelysmallchunks.Thus1789-1815isdefinedbytheFrenchRevolutionandNapoleon;1815-48formsaperiodofreactionandadjustment;1848-1871isdominatedbyanewroundofrevolutionandtheunificationsoftheGermanandItaliannations;and1871-1914,anageofimperialism,isshapedbynewkindsofpoliticaldebateandthepressuresthatculminatedinwar.Overridingtheseimportantmarkers,however,asimplerdivisioncanalsobeuseful.Between1789and1849EuropedealtwiththeforcesofpoliticalrevolutionandthefirstimpactoftheIndustrialRevolution.Between1849and1914afullerindustrialsocietyemerged,includingnewformsofstatesandofdiplomaticandmilitaryalignments.Themid-19thcentury,ineitherformulation,loomsasaparticularlyimportantpointoftransitionwithintheextended19thcentury.

【答案】【參考例文】

TheFrenchRevolutionandWorldWarⅠplayedimportantrolesindevelopmentsin19thcenturyEurope.Social,culturalanddiplomaticfactorsformedmodernEurope.From1789to1914,Europespanwasbothunitedanddeeplydivided.Europeanstateswererelativelystableuntil1871.Atthesametime,nationalismappeared.WesternEuropedevelopedfast,whileEasternandSouthernEuropechangedslowly.Duringthisperiod,sometrendslastedforalongtime,suchastheFrenchRevolution,whileothertrendshadashorterlifeofspan.Somehistoriansprefertodivide19thcenturyhistoryintofourchunks:1789-1815,1815-48,1848-1871,1871-1914.Therewasalsoasimplerandusefuldivision:1789-1849and1849-1914.Ineitherformulation,themid-19thcenturyisanimportantpointoftransitionintheEuropeanhistory.

5.單選題

Thelawyerpromisedtogotogreattodefendhim.

問題1選項

A.lengths

B.measures

C.efforts

D.endeavors

【答案】A

【解析】考查短語搭配。A選項lengthsn.長度（指距離，時間）；B選項measuresn.方法，對策；C選項effortsn.努力；D選項endeavorn.努力，盡力。gotogreatlengths表示“竭盡全力；不遺余力”，因此，正確答案是A項。句意：律師向他保證會竭盡全力為他辯護。

6.翻譯題

Therolesofadmissionintotheworldeconomynotonlyreflectlittleawarenessofdevelopingpriorities,theyareoftencompletelyunrelatedtosensibleeconomicprinciples.Forinstance,WTOagreementsonantidumping,subsidiesandcountervailingmeasures,agriculture,textiles,andtrade-relatedintellectualpropertyrightslackanyeconomicrationalebeyondthemercantilistinterestofanarrowsetofpowerfulgroupsinadvancedindustrialcountries.Bilateralandregionaltradeagreementsaretypicallyfarworse,astheyimposeeventighterprerequisitesondevelopingcountriesinreturnforcrumbsofenhanced“marketaccess”.Forexample,theAfricanGrowthandOpportunityActsignedbyU.S.PresidentClintoninMay2000providesincreasedaccesstotheU.S.marketonlyifAfricanapparelmanufacturersuseU.S.producedfabricandyams.ThisrestrictionseverelylimitsthepotentialeconomicspilloverinAfricancountries.

【答案】加入世界經(jīng)濟的作用在于不僅反映出人們對發(fā)展重點的認識不足，而且往往與合理的經(jīng)濟原則完全無關。例如，WTO關于反傾銷、補貼和反補貼措施、農(nóng)業(yè)、紡織品以及與貿(mào)易有關的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)等的協(xié)議，除了發(fā)達工業(yè)國家中少數(shù)強大集團的重商主義利益之外，缺乏其他任何經(jīng)濟依據(jù)。而雙邊和區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定通常要糟糕得多，因為它們要求發(fā)展中國家滿足更嚴格的先決條件，來換取少量的“市場準入”。例如，美國總統(tǒng)克林頓2000年5月簽署的《非洲增長與機會法案》規(guī)定，非洲服裝制造商只有使用美國生產(chǎn)的織物和棉紗，才能擴大進入美國市場的機會。這一限制嚴重限制了非洲國家潛在的經(jīng)濟溢出效應。

7.單選題

Uptothispointtherehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath,buttherelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.Dr.Giltaycarefullycontrolledthebaselineriskfactorslikebloodpressure,cholesterol,smokingandalcoholconsumptioninhisstudy.Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.

Whataboutthepossibilitythatsomeofthepessimisticsubjectsweresimplysufferingfromundiagnoseddepression?Afterall,depressionisastrongriskfactorforcardiovascularmortality.Dr.Giltayconcededthatthesubjectswerenotpsychiatricallyscreenedfordepressionoranyothermentaldisorder,sothisisapossibility.Buthesaiddepressionwasunlikelytoexplainthecorrelationbetweenpessimismandmortality.Perhaps,butweknowthatdepressionexists,too,onaspectrum.Mildchronicdepressivestateslikedysthymiacouldeasilymasqueradeaseverydaypessimism,sothisstudycannotruleoutmilddepressionasacontributortoexcessmortalityinthepessimisticsubjects.Still,assumingthatthesefindingsarereplicatedandoptimismdoesindeedconferasurvivaladvantage,howmechanismcouldexplainit?

Onepossibilityisthatoptimistsmaysimplycopebetterwithadversitythanpessimistsdoandengageinbehaviorsthataremorelikelytopromotehealth.Itiswellknown,forexample,thatoptimismisstronglyassociatedwithseekingsocialsupportandcopingbetterwithstress.Theremightevenbebiologicaldifferencesbetweenoptimisticandpessimisticpeoplethatgiveoptimistsanedge.Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones,whichcanadverselyaffectphysicalhealth.Atthispoint,pessimismintheabsenceofclinicaldepressionisnotconsideredadiseaseorariskfactorfordevelopingone.Butifthesedataarereplicated,perhapsitshouldbe.Ifthat’sthecase,thentrialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants,won’tbefarbehind.Afterall,thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraitslikesociability,eveninpeoplewithoutdepression.

Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.Twolargerandomizedtrialsinvolvingdepressedheart-attackpatientsfoundnosurvivalbenefitintreatingthemwitheithercognitivebehaviortherapyorserotonin-enhancingantidepressants,thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.

21.Wecanconvincinglyinferfromthefirstparagraphthat___________.

22.Comparingpessimistswithoptimists,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

23.Theoptimism-enhancingtreatmentscan___________.

24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,wecanconcludethat___________.

25.Thepassagemainlywantstotellusthat___________.

問題1選項

A.normalpersonalityguaranteesgoodhealth

B.pessimismconstitutesafatalthreatforhealth

C.therelationshipbetweenpessimismanddeathisbeinginvestigated

D.pessimismresultsinmortality

問題2選項

A.Optimistshavebetterperceptionoftheirfuture.

B.Pessimistshavehighermorbidity.

C.Optimistsarelesslikelytosufferfromcardiovasculardisease.

D.Optimistsenjoylongerlivesthanpessimists.

問題3選項

A.helpdevelopnormalpersonality

B.helpdecreaseheartdisease

C.helpenhancethelifespan

D.helpcuretheclinicaldepression

問題4選項

A.depressioncouldbetreatable

B.doctorsareawareofthecausesfordepression

C.pessimistshavetoworryabouttheirshorterlifespan

D.treatingdepressioncancureheartdiseaseandotherfataldiseases

問題5選項

A.pessimismisverycommonamongurbancitizens

B.pessimistsaredoomedtoliveashorterlife

C.optimismguaranteesalongerandhealthierlife

D.pessimismishighlyriskyforourhealth

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】21.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第1段，第1句therelationshipbetweennormalpersonalitytraitslikesoptimismandhealthhavenotbeenasthoroughlystudied.（樂觀主義等正常人格特征與健康之間的關系還沒有得到徹底的研究。）由此判斷，正常的人格特征與健康之間的關系還有待研究，A選項“正常的人格確保了健康”過于肯定，排除；第3句Evenaftercontrollingfortheseconfoundingvariables,therewasstillasignificantexcessofmortalityinthepessimistscomparedwiththeoptimists.（即使在控制了這些混雜變量后，與樂觀主義者相比，悲觀主義者的死亡率仍然要高出很多。）由此判斷，導致死亡的因素有很多，比如前文的bloodpressure,cholesterol“血壓、血脂”等，而悲觀主義與死亡之間有很大的關系，B選項“悲觀主義是健康的一個致命威脅”與原文表述一致；D選項“悲觀導致了死亡”表述過于絕對，未考慮其他因素，排除；第1段最后一句Andwhenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter—pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（當他考慮到受試者自己對健康的看法時，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預見能力更好——悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）由此判斷，該研究用悲觀者與樂觀者對比，不僅研究其死亡率的不同，而且研究其對自己健康水平的看法的不同，C選項“人們正在研究悲觀主義和死亡之間的關系”表述不夠準確。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

22.事實細節(jié)題。本題選擇表述不正確的一項。A選項“樂觀主義者對他們的未來的預見能力更好”，根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句whenhefactoredinthesubjects’ownperceptionoftheirhealth—optimists,notsurprisingly,reportfeelingbetter.（當他考慮到受試者自己對健康的看法時，毫不奇怪，樂觀者的預見能力更好。）由此判斷，樂觀者對未來健康狀況的預見能力更好，A選項與原文相符；B選項“悲觀者發(fā)病率更高”，根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第1段最后一句pessimistsstillhadhighermorbidityandmortality.（悲觀者仍然有更高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。）B選項與原文表述一致；C選項“樂觀者不太可能患心血管疾病”，根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第1段第1句therehasbeensolidevidencethatcertainpathologicalmentalstates,likedepression,arelinkedwithasignificantlyhigherriskofcardiovasculardeath.（有確鑿的證據(jù)表明，某些病理精神狀態(tài)，如抑郁癥，與心血管疾病死亡風險顯著升高有關。）由此判斷，心血管病與不好的精神狀態(tài)有關，樂觀者是好的心理狀態(tài)，他們患心血管病的可能性不大，C選項與原文表述相符；D選項“樂觀者比悲觀者的壽命更長”根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到原文倒數(shù)第2句Intheend,pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（最后，悲觀者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必擔心他們自己的性格會注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，悲觀者的生命不一定短暫，此外原文沒有關于樂觀者與悲觀者壽命長短的比較，D選項的表述不正確。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

23.事實細節(jié)題。題干“樂觀療法可以……”可定位到原文第3段trialsofoptimism-enhancingtreatments,includingpsychotherapiesandprobablyantidepressants（樂觀療法的嘗試，包括心理療法，可能還有抗抑郁藥）。A選項“有助于發(fā)展正常的人格”，可定位到第3段最后一句thereisalreadypreliminaryevidencethatserotonin-enhancingantidepressantscanalternormalpersonalitytraits（初步證據(jù)表明，提高血清素的抗抑郁藥可以改變正常的人格特征），即樂觀療法可以幫助發(fā)展正常人格，A選項與原文相符；B選項“有助于減少心臟病”，可定位到原文第4段第2句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通過治療抑郁癥來減少心臟病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治療抑郁癥并不能減少心臟病，心理療法是用來治療抑郁癥的，因此它也不能減少抑郁癥，B選項與原文不符；C選項“有助于延長壽命”，可定位到原文最后一段第1、2句Butevenifpessimismcouldbe“treated”,wouldthatguaranteealongerlife?Judgingfromrecentresearchindepression,itmaybenoslam-dunk.（但即使悲觀主義可以“治療”，這就能保證更長的壽命嗎？從最近對抑郁癥的研究來看，這可能不是一件容易的事。）由此可知，壽命不一定能被延長，C選項與原文不符；D選項“有助于治愈臨床抑郁癥”，可定位到原文倒數(shù)第3句…thoughtheirdepressiondidimprove.（盡管他們的抑郁癥確實有所改善），選項中cure是治好的意思，與原文improve“改善”不符。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

24.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。A選項“抑郁癥是可治療的”，可定位到原文最后一句Ifpessimistsshouldworryaboutanything,though,itisthattheymayhaveanundiagnosed—andtreatable—depression.（不過，如果說悲觀者應該擔心什么的話，那就是他們可能患有一種未被診斷的、可治療的抑郁癥。）由此可推斷，抑郁癥是可治療的，A選項與句意相符；B選項“醫(yī)生意識到了抑郁癥的原因”，可定位到第3段Thisisnotsofar-fetchedifyouconsiderthatdepressionisassociatedwithalterationsinmanyneurotransmittersandhormones…（如果你認為抑郁癥與許多神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和激素的改變有關，這就不是那么牽強了……）全文只有這個地方提到了抑郁癥可能與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和激素的改變有關，并沒有其他地方提及抑郁癥的成因，無法得知醫(yī)生是否意識到了抑郁癥的原因，B選項排除；C選項“悲觀者不得不擔心他們更短的壽命”，可定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲觀主義者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必擔心自己的性格會注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，悲觀者不需要擔心壽命短暫的問題，C選項與原文表述相反，排除；D選項“治療抑郁癥可以治好心臟病和其他致命的疾病”，可定位到最后一段第3句Effortstodecreaseheartdiseaseandmortalitybytreatingdepressionhavebeendisappointing.（通過治療抑郁癥來減少心臟病和降低死亡率的努力一直令人失望。）由此可知，治療抑郁癥并不能治好心臟病，D選項的表述與原文相反，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

25.作者意圖題。題干“這篇文章主要想告訴我們……”，本文第1段介紹了某些病理精神狀態(tài)，比如抑郁，與心血管疾病死亡風險顯著升高有關，以及Dr.Giltay的實驗表明與樂觀者相比，悲觀者的死亡率和發(fā)病率更高；第2段討論了悲觀者死亡率更高的可能原因——可能有抑郁癥，并提出為什么樂觀者身體更健康的問題；第3段回答了上文提出的問題，并提出樂觀療法有可能可以治療抑郁癥；第4段總結(jié)悲觀者可能患有未被查出的抑郁癥，但即使抑郁癥可以被治療，也不能延長壽命。A選項“悲觀主義在城市居民中很常見”，本文并未就悲觀主義是否常見進行討論，排除；B選項“悲觀者注定活得更短”，可定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第2句pessimistshaveenoughtofretaboutwithoutworryingthattheirowntemperamentwilldoomthemtoashortlife.（悲觀者有足夠多的煩惱，而不必擔心自己的性格會注定他們的生命短暫。）由此判斷，作者認為悲觀者不必擔心自己的生命短暫，那么作者的意圖不會是想告訴讀者悲觀者的壽命短暫，且B選項的表述過去絕對，排除；C選項“樂觀能保證更長壽、更健康的生活”，根據(jù)全文判斷，文章的主要討論對象是悲觀主義與悲觀者，C選項“樂觀”的作用，不會是作者的意圖，排除；D選項“悲觀主義對我們的健康非常有害”，根據(jù)段落大意判斷，表述正確，且符合題意。因此，本文最佳選項為D。

8.單選題

Many,zoosintheUnitedStateshaveundergoneradicalchangesinthephilosophyanddesign.Allpossiblecareistakentoreducethestressoflivingincaptivity.Cagesandgroundsarelandscapedtomakegorillasfeelimmersedinvegetation,astheywouldbeinaCongojungle.Zebrasgazeacrossvistasarrangedtoappear(tozoosvisitors,atleast)nearlyasbroadasanAfricanplain.

Yet,strollingpastanimalsinzooafterzoo.Ihavenoticedthesignsofhobbledenergythathasfoundnorelease—largecatspacinginarepetitivepattern,primatesrockingforhoursinonecornerofacage.Thesetruncatedmovementsareknownascagestereotypes,andusuallythesemovementsbringaboutnoobviousphysicaloremotionaleffectsinthecaptiveanimal.Manyanimalspecialistsbelievethey,aremoretroublingtothepeoplewhowatchthantotheanimalsthemselves.Suchrestlessnessisanunpleasantreminderthat—despitethecarefulinteriordecorationandcleveropticalillusions—zooanimalsareprisoners,beingkeptinelaboratecells.

Therationaleforbreedingendangeredanimalsinzoosisneverthelesscompelling.Onceaspeciesfallsbelowacertainnumber,itisbesetbyinbreedingandotherprocessesthatnudgeitcloserandclosertoextinction.Iftheanimalalsofacesthewhole-scaledestructionofitshabitat,itsonehopeforsurvivalliesinbeingtransplantedtosomehavenofsafely,usuallyacage.Inservingastrustsforrarefauna,zooshavecommittedmillionsofdollarstocaringforanimals.Manyzoomanagershavegivengreatconsiderationtothepsychologicalhealthoftheanimalsintheircare.YetthemoreIlearnedaboutanimalsbredinenclosures,themoreIwonderedhowtheirsensibilitiesdifferedfromthoseofanimalsraisedtoroamfree.

Inthewild,animalsexistinaworldofwhichwehavelittleunderstanding.Theymaycommunicatewiththeirkindthrough"language"thatareindecipherablebyhumans.Afewstudiessuggestthatsomespeciesperceivelandscapesmuchdifferentlythanpeopledo;forexample,theymay:bekeenlyattunedtomovementonthefacesofmountainsoracrossthebroadspanofgrassyplains.Also,theirsocialstructuresmaybecomplexandintegraltotheirwell-being.Somescientistsbelievetheymayevendevelopculturaltraditionsthatare