考研考博-英語-山東青年政治學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東青年政治學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Diet-relateddiseasesalsocostsocietyintermsofdecreasedworkproductivity,increasedabsenteeism,poorerschoolperformance,andreducedfitnessonthepartofmilitary______,amongothernegativeeffects.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.recruits

B.reengineering

C.weapon

D.scene

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)recruits“新兵；新成員”；B選項(xiàng)reengineering“企業(yè)再造；再造工程；重建”；C選項(xiàng)weapon“武器，兵器”；D選項(xiàng)scene“場面；情景；景象；事件”。句意：與飲食有關(guān)的疾病也對(duì)社會(huì)造成負(fù)面影響，如工作效率下降、曠工增多、學(xué)習(xí)成績差、……身體素質(zhì)下降等。根據(jù)military（軍隊(duì)）以及fitness（身體素質(zhì)）可推測空白處應(yīng)該填“人”的單詞，因此B、C、D選項(xiàng)都可排除。A選項(xiàng)recruits（新兵）符合，結(jié)合句意，A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.單選題

Hespokeso（

）thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。bluntly“率直地，遲鈍地”；convincingly“令人信服的，有說服力的”；emphatically“強(qiáng)調(diào)地，明顯地”；determinedly“堅(jiān)定地，決然地”。句意：他說的是如此有說服力，以至于他的對(duì)手都被他的論述所說服。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

Butsheis______;she’lltakeallworriesaboutthehouseoffyourhands.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.effective

B.efficient

C.effectual

D.officious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)effective“有效的，起作用的”，B項(xiàng)efficient“有效率的，有能力的，生效的”，指毫不浪費(fèi)時(shí)間、金錢或精力的做好某事；C項(xiàng)effectual“奏效的；會(huì)應(yīng)驗(yàn)的”，指產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的結(jié)果；D項(xiàng)officious“擺官架子的，愛管閑事的”。根據(jù)句子后面部分的內(nèi)容“她會(huì)幫你卸下所有關(guān)于房子的擔(dān)憂”可知，空格處填入B項(xiàng)最符合語境。句意：但是她很有能力，她會(huì)幫你卸下所有關(guān)于房子的擔(dān)憂。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Shewaved,buthedidn’tseeher,beingtoo______instuffingtheflowersintoalargecarrierbag.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.drifted

B.concentrated

C.engrossed

D.undaunted

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.drifted漂流；緩慢行走v.B.concentrated決心要做的；集中的

C.engrossed全神貫注的D.undaunted頑強(qiáng)的；百折不撓的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】按照句意“她揮了揮手，但他______把花塞進(jìn)一個(gè)大手提袋里，沒看見她”可知，他正在全神貫注地做另外一件事情，engrossin是固定搭配，表示“全神貫注于”，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)符合句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、D項(xiàng)不符合句意；

B項(xiàng)concentrated要和on搭配使用，故排除。

【句意】她揮了揮手，但他正忙著把花塞進(jìn)一個(gè)大手提袋里，沒看見她。

5.單選題

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordorphraseforeachnumberedblankfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CorDandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

Publicofficialsandcandidatesforpublicofficesroutinelyusepublicopinionpollstokeep（31）ofwhatthepeoplearethinking.Animportantquestionisthedegreetowhichthesepollsshouldguideleaders（32）theiractions.Thereareargumentsforandagainsttheuseofpollsasthebasisforpolicy（33）.

Pollscancontributetoeffectivegovernmentbykeepingpoliticalleadersfromgettingtoofar（34）linewiththepublic’sthinking.Inademocraticsociety,theeffectivesofapublicpolicydependsontheextentofitspublic（35）.Whenapolicyiscontrarytothepublic’sdesires,peoplemaychooseto（36）orunderminedit,thusmakingitcounterproductiveorinefficient.Furthermore,whengovernment（37）acourseofactionwithwhichalargeproportionofthepublicdisagrees,it（38）alossofpublicconfidence,whichcanhaveanegativeeffectonitsabilitytolead.TheReaganadministration,flyinghighfrom1981to1985,wasbroughtlowin1986bypublicreactiontonewsofitssecretsalesofweaponstoIran.Theadministrationhadnotpaid（39）attentiontopollsthathadrevealedthedeepantagonismAmericansstillfelttowardIranbecausetheAyatollahKhomeini’sregimehadheldthreeAmericanhostages.

However,leaderscanalsodoadisservicetothepublictheyrepresentbyusingpollresultsasa（40）forpolicyjudgment.Effectivegovernment,asWalterLippmannwrote,cannotbeconductedbylegislatorsandofficialswho,whenaquestionispresented,askthemselvesfirstandlastnotwhatisthetruthandwhichistherightandnecessarycourse.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.trace

B.trade

C.track

D.trap

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.to

C.for

D.in

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.determination

B.conclusion

C.decision

D.choice

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.from

B.by

C.at

D.about

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.admission

B.support

C.disagreement

D.reaction

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.dispute

B.disregard

C.disrespect

D.disrupt

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.continues

B.carrieson

C.embarks

D.pursues

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.risks

B.costs

C.makes

D.endangers

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.efficiency

B.effective

C.sufficient

D.scarce

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.replacement

B.substitute

C.change

D.diversity

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:B

第7題:D

第8題:A

第9題:D

第10題:B

【解析】31、【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查名詞與詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)keeptraceof“保留痕跡，跟蹤”；B選項(xiàng)trade“貿(mào)易”；C選項(xiàng)keeptrackof“記錄；與……保持聯(lián)系，明了”；D選項(xiàng)trap“陷阱，圈套”。由空格后“whatthepeoplearethinking”（人民的想法）可知與其對(duì)應(yīng)的是了解，明了的意思。A、B、D在此處語義不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

32、【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查介詞辨析。由空格前后語義可知這里指這些民調(diào)應(yīng)該在多大程度上指導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的行動(dòng)，在……方面，使用介詞in。A選項(xiàng)with“隨著，由著”；B選項(xiàng)to“對(duì)于”；D選項(xiàng)for“給，對(duì)；為了”，在此處語義不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33、【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)determination“決心；果斷”；B選項(xiàng)conclusion“結(jié)論”；C選項(xiàng)decision“決定”；D選項(xiàng)choice“選擇”。由空格前“pollsasthebasisforpolicy”（民意作為政治……的基礎(chǔ)）可知與其對(duì)應(yīng)的是決定，即將民調(diào)作為政治決定的基礎(chǔ)。A選項(xiàng)一般指人決心做某事；B、D在此處語義不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

34、【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查介詞辨析與前后邏輯關(guān)系。Farfrom意為“遠(yuǎn)離”，由空格前后語義可知這里指這些民調(diào)能幫助政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人避免與公眾的想法偏離太遠(yuǎn)，從而提高政府的效率。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

35、【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查名詞辨析與語義關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)admission“承認(rèn)”；B選項(xiàng)support“支持；幫助”；C選項(xiàng)disagreement“不一致；爭論”；D選項(xiàng)reaction“反應(yīng)，感應(yīng)”。由空格前theeffectivesofapublicpolicydependsontheextentofitspublic”（公共政策的有效性取決于其公眾……的程度）可知與其對(duì)應(yīng)的是支持，即有效性取決于公眾的支持程度。A、C、D在此處語義不符。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

36、【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)dispute“辯論；爭吵”；B選項(xiàng)disregard“忽視，無視”；C選項(xiàng)disrespect“無禮，失禮”；D選項(xiàng)disrupt“破壞；使瓦解”。由空格后“or”可知該空與undermined（破壞）是并列選擇關(guān)系。A、C選項(xiàng)在此處語義不符；D選項(xiàng)意義也為破壞，與空格后語義重復(fù)，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

37、【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)continues“繼續(xù)，連續(xù)”；B選項(xiàng)carrieson“開展；實(shí)行”；C選項(xiàng)embarks“上船（或飛機(jī)）”；D選項(xiàng)pursues“追求，從事”。由空格后“acourseofactionwithwhichalargeproportionofthepublicdisagrees”（大部分公眾不同意的行動(dòng)方針）可知是采取大眾不同意的方針，pursue有一種貶義的意義，即對(duì)應(yīng)后文帶來不好的影響。A、C選項(xiàng)在此處語義不符；B選項(xiàng)意義也為采取，實(shí)行，但多為褒義，即經(jīng)過周密調(diào)查而實(shí)行的計(jì)劃，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

38、【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)risks“冒……危險(xiǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)costs“花費(fèi)；使損失”；C選項(xiàng)makes“做，制作”；D選項(xiàng)endangers“危及；使遭到危險(xiǎn)”。由空格后“l(fā)ossofpublicconfidence”（公眾信心的喪失）可知是實(shí)行公眾不同意的計(jì)劃，是冒著失去公眾信心的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)實(shí)行的，所以A選項(xiàng)與其語義相對(duì)應(yīng)。B、C、D選項(xiàng)在此處語義不符，排除。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

39、【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)efficiency“效率；效能；功效”為名詞，此處需填入形容詞，排除；B選項(xiàng)effective“有效的，起作用的”；C選項(xiàng)sufficient“足夠的；充分的”；D選項(xiàng)scarce“缺乏的，不足的”。由空格后“thathadrevealedthedeepantagonismAmericansstillfelttowardIranbecausetheAyatollahKhomeini’sregimehadheldthreeAmericanhostages”（這顯示出美國人對(duì)伊朗仍然懷有深深的敵意，因?yàn)榘唸D拉?霍梅尼(AyatollahKhomeini)的政權(quán)扣押了三名美國人質(zhì)）可知是由于政府沒有注意到民調(diào)顯示出的美國人仍然對(duì)伊朗懷有深深的敵意，所以D選項(xiàng)與其語義相對(duì)應(yīng)。A、B、C選項(xiàng)在此處語義不符，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

40、【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)replacement“更換；復(fù)位”，一般與介詞of以及by搭配使用；B選項(xiàng)substitute“代用品；代替者”，通常與介詞of以及for搭配使用；C選項(xiàng)change“變化”；D選項(xiàng)diversity“多樣性；差異”。由空格后介詞“for”可知B選項(xiàng)與其語義相對(duì)應(yīng)。A選項(xiàng)一般表示代替不與for搭配；C、D選項(xiàng)在此處語義不符，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thepalmtreelookedasifit（

）foralongtime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hasn’twatered

B.didn’twater

C.hadn’tbeenwatered

D.wasn’twatered

【答案】C

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。Asif引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的句子。主語的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，因此虛擬語氣的謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

7.單選題

（）thisdulllife,thefull-timemomdecidedtofindapart-timejob.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Tiedupwith

B.Fedupwith

C.Wrappedupin

D.Piledupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)tiedupwith“和……有密切關(guān)系”，B項(xiàng)fedupwith“受夠了；極厭惡”，C項(xiàng)wrappedupin“醉心于……的；全心照料……的”，D項(xiàng)piledupwith“堆滿”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞dulllife（沉悶的生活）可知，空格處填入“厭倦”最合適。句意：厭倦了這種枯燥的生活，全職媽媽決定找一份兼職工作。因此，該題B項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Ifyoubecomereconciledtoyourlot,youwillnevergetanewstartinlife.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.submissive

B.resistant

C.tolerable

D.committed

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。reconcile表示“和解，調(diào)節(jié)”；A項(xiàng)submissive“順從的，服從的”，B項(xiàng)resistant“抵抗的，反抗的”，C項(xiàng)tolerable“可以容忍的”，D項(xiàng)committed“堅(jiān)定的，忠誠的”。句意：如果你甘心于自己的命運(yùn)，你將永遠(yuǎn)無法重新開始生活。根據(jù)句意可知A項(xiàng)正確。

9.問答題

Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchof

A

reality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbe

measuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknownaboutthemodemscientistthanto

B

C

D

Thaleswhofirstspeculatedontheelectrificationofamber.

【答案】試題答案：C;to

【解析】考查介詞搭配。beknownto意為“為……所知”。

10.單選題

Heisanhonestperson.Heis______todosuchadishonestthing.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theleastman

B.notlikely

C.thelastman

D.thelatestman

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。在“thelastpersontodosth.”或“thelastpersonthat...”句式中，thelast=theleastlikely；last由原義“最后的”演繹為“最不大可能的，最不愿意……的”，因此它含有否定的意思，如：YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.“你是我最不愿意看到的人”，That’sthelastthinghewants.“那是他最不愿意要的東西”，但并非所有的thelastpersontodosth.都表示“最不肯（或最不會(huì)，最不愿意）做某事的人”，有時(shí)表示“最后一個(gè)做某事的人”，如在搶險(xiǎn)斗爭中最后一個(gè)撤離現(xiàn)場的人：Hewasthelastpersontoleavethesinkingship.到底表示“最不愿意做某事的人”還是表示“最后一個(gè)做某事的人”，這要根據(jù)上下文的意思來判定。notlikely雖符合語法結(jié)構(gòu)，但不符合上下文的邏輯意思。句意：他是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人，他絕對(duì)不可能做這種不誠實(shí)的事。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Ithoughttheboatonlyheldsix.Howdidyou（

）sevenseats?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.reserve

B.deserve

C.preserve

D.reverse

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。reserve意為“預(yù)定，預(yù)約，保留”；deserve意為“應(yīng)得，應(yīng)受”；preserve意為“保護(hù)，保存”；reverse意為“使反轉(zhuǎn)，顛覆”。

句意：我以為這船上只能載六個(gè)人。你怎么預(yù)定了七個(gè)位置呢？

12.寫作題

Describechildrensurfingthenetbrieflyandgiveyourcomments.

【答案】Nowadays,theInternetisoneofthemostpowerfultoolsthroughouttheworld.TheInternetisacollectionofvariousservicesandresourcesforpeople.AlmostallhouseholdshaveaccesstotheInternet；however,beforepeopleconnectingtheInternet,theyneedtobeawareofitsdisadvantagesandadvantages.Childrenofnetusershavebecomeabigconcern.MostparentsdonotrealizethedangersinvolvedwhentheirchildrenlogontotheInternet.Whenchildrenareonline,theycaneasilybeluredintosomethingdangerous.Whenchildrentalktoothersonline,theydonotrealizetheycouldactuallybetalkingtoaharmfulperson.Asaresult,therehavebeenmanycaseswherechildrenhavebeenconvincedtomeetpeopletheyhavetalkedwithonline.Inaddition,childrenmayalsoreceivepornographyonlinebymistake;therefore,causingconcernamongparentseverywhere.WhethersurfingtheWeb,readingnewsgroups,orusingemail,childrencanbeexposedtoextremelyinappropriatematerial.Pornographicsitestendtomakesuretheyarethefirstsitestobelistedinanysearcharea；thus,childrencomeacrosssuchsiteseasily.

Wecouldcontroltheissuefromthefollowingthreeaspects.Firstandforemost,parentsareresponsiblefortheirownchildrenontheInternetbecausethereareavailableservicestoprotectchildren.Further,tokeepchildrensafe,parentsandteachersmustbeawareofthedangers.Theymustactivelyguideandguardtheirchildrenonlineandshouldtalktochildrenaboutwhatisonlineandwhatmighthappenonline.Inaddition,thecompaniesshoulddevelopanumberoftoolsavailabletodaythatmayhelpkeeptheInternetenvironmentsaferforchildren.Inotherwords,childrenwanttoexplorethings；however,therearepeopleontheInternetthatarejusttoopersuasive.

13.單選題

Couplesblessedwithstrengthandaggression（）looksarebetteroffhavingboys,asthesecharacteristicsareofmoreusetomales.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.otherthan

B.ratherthan

C.rathertoo

D.inspiteof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)otherthan“除了，不同于”；B選項(xiàng)ratherthan“而不是”；C選項(xiàng)rathertoo“稍微……一點(diǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)inspiteof“盡管”。句意：與長相相比，體力強(qiáng)、有進(jìn)取心的夫婦更容易生男孩，與長相相比，因?yàn)檫@些特征對(duì)男性更有用。這里表達(dá)的意思是“體力和進(jìn)取心才是決定孩子性別的重點(diǎn)，而不是長相”，因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.單選題

YourParadiseusedtobeafinemagazine,butnowthatitthetasteofacompletelydifferentreadingpublicit（

）hasgonedowninquality.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deflectsfrom

B.flirtswith

C.catersto

D.hingeson

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞短語詞義辨析題。A選項(xiàng)deflectfrom“從……偏斜”；B選項(xiàng)flirtwith“同…調(diào)情；不認(rèn)真考慮”；C選項(xiàng)caterto“迎合…口味；為…服務(wù)”；D選項(xiàng)hingeon“取決于……；以……為轉(zhuǎn)移”。根據(jù)句意‘你們的《天堂》雜志本應(yīng)該是一本優(yōu)秀的期刊，但是現(xiàn)在卻來滿足完全不同的公眾閱讀口味，從而導(dǎo)致明顯下降的質(zhì)量?！芍@里表示迎合公眾閱讀的口味，C選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Thesunisverylargeincomparisonwithitsnine（）planetswhich,inturn,arecircledbyatotalofthirtythreesatellites.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.cycling

B.whirling

C.surrounding

D.orbiting

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)cycling“騎腳踏車消遣，騎腳踏車兜風(fēng)”；B選項(xiàng)whirling“旋轉(zhuǎn)”；C選項(xiàng)surrounding“周圍的，附近的”；D選項(xiàng)orbiting“盤旋；繞軌道運(yùn)行”。句意：與九顆（）太陽運(yùn)行的行星相比，太陽是非常大的，而九顆行星又由三十三顆衛(wèi)星環(huán)繞著。這里考查的是固定搭配orbitingplanets“軌道行星”，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.單選題

France's（

）ofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assumption

B.consumption

C.resumption

D.presumption

【答案】C

【解析】句意:上個(gè)月法國恢復(fù)在南太平洋的核試驗(yàn)引起了政治辯論和群眾的抗議。

形近詞辨析。Assumption假定，假設(shè);consumption消費(fèi);resumption恢復(fù);presumption推測，假定。因此C符合句意。

17.單選題

Thediversityoftropicalplantsintheregionrepresentsaseemingly（）sourceofrawmaterials,ofwhichonlyafewhavebeenutilized.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.remarkable

B.controversial

C.inexhaustible

D.deficient

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)remarkable“卓越的；非凡的”；B選項(xiàng)controversial“有爭議的”；C選項(xiàng)inexhaustible“用不完的；不知疲倦的”；D選項(xiàng)deficient“有缺陷的；不充分的”。句意：這個(gè)地區(qū)熱帶植物的多樣性象征著一個(gè)看來似乎用不完的原材料資源，而這其中只有一些被利用。結(jié)合此處語義，C選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andPlexiglasweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexceptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury

（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’smainpoint?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.wereproducedlargelyasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Expendituresforvariousaspectsofresearcharelisted.

B.Reasonsforsupportingmonopolisticpoweraregivenandthenquestioned.

C.Argumentsarepresentedforminimizingcompetitivebiddingforresearch.

D.Resourcesnecessaryforresearcharedefined.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Monopolisticpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmallshareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Inthelastdecade,conglomerateshavesignificantlyincreasedtheirresearchbudgetsfordefensetechnology.

B.Taxrestructuringpermitssmallerfirmstowriteoffalargerpercentageofprofitsagainstresearch.

C.Aten-yearstudyoftheextentofresourcesdevotedtoresearchbysmallerenterprisesrevealsasteadydecline.

D.Militaryresearchisbeingdirectedmoreextensivelytospacetechnologythantoshort-rangemissiles.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段首句提出Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.（人們普遍認(rèn)為，大型工業(yè)的出現(xiàn)伴隨著等量工業(yè)研究發(fā)明的出現(xiàn)）這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，緊接著用一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果進(jìn)行反駁；第二段解釋了人們普遍這樣認(rèn)為的理由，然后又對(duì)解釋進(jìn)行否定；第三段指出小公司比大型企業(yè)在新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品和創(chuàng)新投資方面更有積極性；最后一段簡短地概括大型企業(yè)所處的壓力競爭。因此B選項(xiàng)“指出關(guān)于工業(yè)研究程度與工業(yè)壟斷力量增長之間關(guān)系的一種常見誤解”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone（最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)世紀(jì)之交以來重要發(fā)明的研究表明，半數(shù)以上的發(fā)明是個(gè)人獨(dú)立工作的產(chǎn)物）可知C選項(xiàng)“獨(dú)立發(fā)明家產(chǎn)生的發(fā)明成果至少和研究團(tuán)隊(duì)產(chǎn)生的成果一樣”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段解釋了人們普遍誤解的理由，然后又對(duì)其解釋進(jìn)行否定。因此B選項(xiàng)“給出了支持壟斷權(quán)力的理由，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了質(zhì)疑”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第三段中的Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.（相比之下，小公司不被工廠和資本設(shè)備的大規(guī)模投資所嚇倒，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴(kuò)大市場份額）可知D選項(xiàng)“市場份額很小的公司積極地追求創(chuàng)新，因?yàn)樗鼈儧]有被舊的固定設(shè)備所束縛”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。作者的主要觀點(diǎn)為：大企業(yè)的發(fā)展與企業(yè)的研究程度不是人們普遍認(rèn)為等量發(fā)展關(guān)系，相反，小企業(yè)比大企業(yè)在新技術(shù)、新產(chǎn)品和創(chuàng)新投資方面更有積極性。因此C選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)為期10年的對(duì)小型企業(yè)用于研究的投資程度顯示，這一數(shù)字在穩(wěn)步下降”符合題意。

19.單選題

Ican’treadthemarksandnotesJimmadeinthemargin.Theyaretoo（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.faint

B.foggy

C.transparent

D.misty

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。faint意為“微弱的，模糊的”；foggy意為“有霧的”；transparent意為“透明的”；misty意為“多霧的”。

句意：我看不清吉姆在空白處做的記號(hào)和筆記。

20.單選題

Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesinthehistoryofthoughtiscausedbytheuncertainty（

）tosolveagivenproblembytraditionalmethodspreviouslyappliedtoproblemswhichseemtobeofthesamenature.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatispossible

B.whetheritispossible

C.thatitispossible

D.aboutwhatispossible

【答案】B

【解析】考查同位語從句。句子主干為Oneoftherecurrentfrustrationsandtragediesiscausedbytheuncertainty（反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的挫折和悲劇之一是由不確定性引起的），由空格前的uncertainty（不確定性）可知此處表示的是“一種可能性”。因此選B，由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句對(duì)前面的抽象名詞uncertainty進(jìn)行解釋說明。句意：思想史上反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的挫折和悲劇之一，是由不確定性引起的，即是否用傳統(tǒng)的方法來解決一個(gè)給定的問題，這些方法以前應(yīng)用于看起來性質(zhì)相同的問題中。

21.單選題

Thestudyofgeneticshasgivenrisetoaprofitablenewindustrycalledbiotechnology.Asthenamesuggests,itblendsbiologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuchtechniquesageneticengineering.Someofthenewbiotechcompanies,astheyarecalled,specializeinagricultureandareworkingenthusiasticallytopatentseedsthatgiveahighyield,thatresistdisease,drought,andfrost,andthatreducetheneedforhazardouschemicals.Ifsuchgoalscouldbeachieved,itwouldbemostbeneficial.Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.

“Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”Geneticengineering,ontheotherhand,usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanotherinanattempttotransferadesiredpropertyorcharacter.Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithantifreezepropertiesfromanarcticfish,andjoiningitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.Itisnowpossibleforplantstobeengineeredwithgenestakenfrombacteria,viruses,insects,animalsorevenhumans.Inessence,then,biotechnologyallowshumanstobreakthegeneticwallsthatseparatespecies.

Likethegreenrevolution,whatsomecallthegenerevolutioncontributestotheproblemofgeneticuniformity—somesayevenmoresobecausegeneticistscanemploytechniquessuchascloningandtissueculture,processesthatproduceperfectlyidenticalcopies,orclones.Concernsabouttheerosionofbiodiversity,therefore,remain.Geneticallyalteredplants,however,raisenewissues,suchastheeffectsthattheymayhaveonusandtheenvironment.“Weareflyingblindlyintoaneweraofagriculturalbiotechnologywithhighhopes,fewconstrains,andlittleideaofthepotentialoutcomes,”saidsciencewriterJeremyRifkin.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,biotechcompaniesare________.

2.Nowbiotechproductsaremade________.

3.Innature,geneticdiversityiscreated________.

4.Biotechnologyhasmadeitpossible________.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,withthedevelopmentofbiotechnology________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mostlyspecializedinagriculture

B.likelytohavebigreturnsintheirbusiness

C.mainlyconcernedaboutthegeneticallyengineeredcrops

D.thoseproducingseedsofbetterproperties

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.saferthanthosewithouttheuseofbiotechnology

B.withouttheinterferenceofhumans

C.byviolatinglawsofnaturalgenetics

D.withinthelimitsofnaturalgenetics

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.withinthespeciesitself

B.bymixingdifferentspecies

C.throughnaturalselection

D.throughsectionorcontest

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.forustosolvethefoodshortageproblemintheworld

B.forhumanstoassumethecold-resistantproperty

C.forplantstobeproducedwithgenesofhumans

D.togrowcropswiththetasteoffarmanimals

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.humanswillpayforitssideeffect

B.thespeciesofcreatureswillbereduced

C.wewillsufferfromfewerandfewerdiseases

D.ourlivingenvironmentwillbebetterthanitisnow

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Thestudyofgeneticshasgivenrisetoaprofitablenewindustrycalledbiotechnology.（遺傳學(xué)研究催生了一個(gè)有利可圖的新產(chǎn)業(yè)——生物技術(shù)。），可知B選項(xiàng)“可能因?yàn)闃I(yè)務(wù)收獲頗豐”正確。A選項(xiàng)“主要研究農(nóng)業(yè)”，C選項(xiàng)“主要關(guān)注基因工程作物”和D選項(xiàng)“生產(chǎn)品種更好的種子”：根據(jù)第一段第二句itblendsbiologyandmoderntechnologythroughsuchtechniquesageneticengineering.（它通過基因工程技術(shù)將生物學(xué)和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)結(jié)合起來。），可知生物技術(shù)是將生物學(xué)和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)結(jié)合，不僅僅是涉及農(nóng)業(yè)，關(guān)注基因工程作物和生產(chǎn)更好品種的種子也只是一部分，不能概括生物技術(shù)公司的業(yè)務(wù)范圍，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.語義推測題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”Geneticengineering,ontheotherhand,usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanotherinanattempttotransferadesiredpropertyorcharacter.（“在自然界中，基因多樣性是在一定范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的，”《基因工程、食物和我們的環(huán)境》一書中說。“玫瑰可以與另一種玫瑰雜交，但玫瑰永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)與馬鈴薯雜交……”另一方面，基因工程通常是從一種植物中提取基因，然后將其插入另一種植物中，以轉(zhuǎn)移所需的特性或特性。），可知如今的生物技術(shù)違背自然遺傳規(guī)則，C選項(xiàng)“違背自然遺傳學(xué)的規(guī)則”正確，B選項(xiàng)“沒有人類的干擾”和D選項(xiàng)“在自然遺傳學(xué)的范圍內(nèi)”錯(cuò)誤。A選項(xiàng)“比不使用生物技術(shù)的更安全”根據(jù)第一段最后一句Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.（但一些人對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物表示擔(dān)憂。），文章沒有提到生物技術(shù)更安全，反而提出有的人擔(dān)憂其安全性。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertainlimits,”saysthebookGeneticEngineering,Food,andOurEnvironment.“Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato…”（“在自然界中，基因多樣性是在一定范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的，”《基因工程、食物和我們的環(huán)境》一書中說。“玫瑰可以與另一種玫瑰雜交，但玫瑰永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)與馬鈴薯雜交……”），可知在自然界中，基因多樣化發(fā)生在物種本身內(nèi)，A選項(xiàng)“在物種本身內(nèi)”正確。B選項(xiàng)“通過混合不同物種”，C選項(xiàng)“通過自然選擇”和D選項(xiàng)“通過分離或競爭”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句Itisnowpossibleforplantstobeengineeredwithgenestakenfrombacteria,viruses,insects,animalsorevenhumans.（現(xiàn)在，用細(xì)菌、病毒、昆蟲、動(dòng)物甚至人類的基因改造植物已經(jīng)成為可能。），可知C選項(xiàng)“用人類基因生產(chǎn)植物”正確。B選項(xiàng)“讓人類具有耐寒的特性”根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithantifreezepropertiesfromanarcticfish,andjoiningitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.（這可能意味著，例如，選擇一種可以從北極魚中產(chǎn)生具有防凍特性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的基因，并將其加入土豆或草莓中，使其具有抗凍性。），可知這里指的是讓植物耐寒而非人類。A選項(xiàng)“為我們解決世界糧食短缺問題”和D選項(xiàng)“種植有農(nóng)場動(dòng)物味道的作物”文中沒有提到。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者在第一段提出有人對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因的擔(dān)憂，在第二段解釋基因如何違反自然規(guī)律，在第三段提出轉(zhuǎn)基因可能帶來的一些影響，最后引用科學(xué)家的話中暗含基因技術(shù)會(huì)帶來消極影響，所以A選項(xiàng)“人類會(huì)為它的副作用付出代價(jià)”正確。B選項(xiàng)“生物的種類會(huì)減少”，C選項(xiàng)“我們將患的疾病種類越來越少”和D選項(xiàng)“我們的生活環(huán)境將比現(xiàn)在好”文章沒有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

22.單選題

Itisapityfor______anydisagreementinthefamily.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theretobe

B.therebeing

C.therebe

D.being

【答案】A

【解析】考查不定式用法。不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做主語通常表示具體動(dòng)作，間或也可表示抽象動(dòng)作，這一點(diǎn)與-ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做主語恰恰相反。用作主語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語通?？梢栽谔囟ㄉ舷挛幕蚯榫爸锌闯觯部梢杂伞癴or+名詞詞組”或“for+theretobe”表示。如：

ItisimportantforustohaveagoodgraspofEnglish.

It’sapityfortheretobeanydisagreementinthefamily.（在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，there后面的不定式只能是tobe）

本題句意：家庭不和實(shí)在是很遺憾。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

23.單選題

Whenwefinally______togethomeafterthetiringlongjourney,wecouldhardlymoveastepfurther.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tried

B.succeeded

C.managed

D.endeavored

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)try“嘗試”，tryto表示“試著，設(shè)法”；B項(xiàng)succeed“成功，繼任”，succeedto表示“繼承，繼任，接著發(fā)生”；C項(xiàng)manage“管理，控制”，manageto表示“設(shè)法做”；D項(xiàng)endeavor“努力，盡力”，endeavorto表示“努力做，致力做”。根據(jù)空格前后的句意“當(dāng)我們在疲憊的長途旅行后回家”猜測，空格部分表示“設(shè)法回到家”，B、D選項(xiàng)可排除；A選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)機(jī)或動(dòng)作，但結(jié)果并不明確；C選項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)成功這種結(jié)果；所以C項(xiàng)更符合句意。句意：經(jīng)過漫長勞累的旅行，我們終于到家了，幾乎一步也挪不動(dòng)了。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

24.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladul