對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易專業(yè)英語2004b答案歷年考研真題2010-筆記加

2004年攻讀入學(xué)考試IDefinethefollowingtermsintradediversion:ductportfolio:aproductstrategyinwhichafirmmaintainsacertaincombinationofanew,ductlifecycle:theprocessofproductfromappearingonthemarkettodisappearingonthemarket,includingintroduction,growth,maturityandconcessionaryfinance:thecommercialbanksprovideconcessionaryfinancetotheexportersforfinancingtheexportsofeligiblecommoditiesoncase-by-casebasisagainstindividualFirmExportOrderorIrrevocableLetterofCredit.5MaastrichitTreaty:TreatysignedbyEuropeanCommonMarketheadsinDec.1991,whosemainpurposeistoenhancetheEconomicandMonetaryUnion(EMU)andtobuildacentralbankofEuropeandissueacommoncurrencyfundamentaldisequilibrium:A“fundamentaldisequilibrium”existswhenoutwardpaymentshaveacontinuingtendencynottobalanceinwardpayments.high-contextculture:aculturewherecommunicationdependsonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingorfromwordsbeingexchanged.car:acombinationofindependentofteninternationalcompaniesintendedtolimitcompetitionandincreaseprofits.IIReadthefollowingpassageandchooseasentencefromthelisttofillinthegapsbelow1B2E3J4G5A6.D7H8III.ReadthearticlebelowandanswerthequestionthathasaverylargetradesurpluswiththeUnitedStates.TheAmericanernmentthoughtthatthe eexportswerecheaperbecauseoftheundervaluedRMB.AndhastheworldsecondlargestreservesofFirst,bothJapanandGermanyhavegreattradesurpluswiththeUS,however,theUSdidn’tbringupanyobjectiontowardsthem.Second,cheaperimportsfromhavebenefitedAmericanconsumers,increasedtheir e;andalsohelptheAmericanindustries.Becausethemoneysavedcanbeusedtobuymorecapitalgoods.Third,’sbuyingheavilyintheUSdebtmarkethashelpedtokeepthemarketstabilityoftheUS.TheUSconsidersasapotentialrivalofitsglobal.ThelargeamountofreservecanbeapowerfulleverageforovertheUSernmentandurgeittotheUS ernmenttotakestandsthatweremoreto’sthinking.What’smorethatifdumpeditsholdingsontothemarketwouldbequickanddevastatingtotheAmericanCheaper-madeexportsintotheUShaveincreasedtheirreal andalsohelpedtheAmericanindustries.Becausethemoneysavedcanbeusedtobuymorecapital-intensivegoods.Moreimportantly’sbuyingheavilyintheUSdebtmarkethascontributedtomuchlowerinterestrateswhichkeeptheUSeconomyfromfallingfurtherandfaster.TheUnitedStatesarguesthattheernmentshouldrevalueRMB.ActuallythestabilityofRMBhascontributedalottothedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomy,aswellastheUSeconomy.AndtheUSblamesthetradesurplusfortheundervaluedcurrency.Thisisridiculous.Actuallyitisbecauseofthelower-costworkersE-C十世紀(jì)總體處于全球化的異常時(shí)期的觀點(diǎn)相一致.但是須拋棄一切企圖獲得象哲學(xué)理論的妄想.因?yàn)槭澜缃?jīng)濟(jì)還沒有變成一個(gè)圓圈.也不可能變?cè)诰眠h(yuǎn)的過去,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)從模型的左上開始起步,那時(shí)這兩種力量在推動(dòng)全球化中的力量很微弱.,融合市場的科技尚不成熟,政治和機(jī)構(gòu)的保護(hù)還很薄弱.,因此,.遠(yuǎn)距離兩地之間的貨物和要素成本非常高.到了十六,十七世紀(jì),一些因素開始發(fā)生了變化,但在這一時(shí)段更強(qiáng)調(diào)政治和機(jī)構(gòu)的變化,從模型的最左端向最右端移動(dòng).和航?？萍嫉倪M(jìn)步微乎其微,固執(zhí)地堅(jiān)持各國之間甚少的貿(mào)易往來，缺少創(chuàng)新。C-EInthecurrenteconomicsituation,exchangestabilityisfavorabletoeconomicdevelopment.However,facingthepressuretoappreciaterenminbi,ernmentshouldmakenecessarystrategicadjustments.Objectively,therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagestokeepexchangeratestableandinsistonnoappreciation.Thedisadvantagesarethatthismayleadtoexcessiveexportandexcessiveuseofforeigncapitals.Largereserveofassetsindollarsislikelytoresultinupsetofdomesticandabroadforeignexchangemarketandinflowofinternationalhotmoney.Moreover,stableexchangerateaddsthedifficultytocontrolofthemoneysupplyandit hardtouseinterestrate.Exchangerateisnotamajorfactorthataffectstheeconomicdevelopment.Foranindependenteconomicentity,exchangerateisonlyoneoftheeconomicvariablesthatshouldbeconsidered,butnotthemostimportant.IthasbeentestedbytheAsianfinancialcrisisthatinsistingonthestableexchangerateofRMBdidnotaffecttheeconomicdevelopmentspeed.Exchangeratestabilityitselfisoneofthegoalsformacroeconomicdevelopment.Concerningwiththeexchangeratelevels,regulationonexchangerateformationandexchangeratestability,stabilitygainsthepriority,thenregulationsandratelevels.Stabilityisthemostimportant.Besides,itisacomplicatedprocesstodetermineexchangerate.Byfar,wehavenotbeenabletomasterthedecisivefactorandinterrelationsofthesefactors.Foralargecountrylike,whethertheprevailingrateissuitabledependsonthedomesticeconomicsituation.Thefocusistheoperationconditionsandsustainabilityofeconomicdevelopmentunderthisexchangerateregulationsandlevels.Confrontedwiththepressureofappreciation,thestrategicadjustmentsinthefutureshouldbeinclude:Graduallyeasecontrolsoncapitalitems,encouragedomesticfirmstoparticipateintheinternationaleconomyandlegalizethepurchaseofforeignstocksandbondsandopenothercapitalitems.Adjustexportrebates,reducingthetensionofIntermsoftheforeign,changethetraditionalthinkingthatitisanhonortoearnmoreforeignexchangethroughexportandtheone-sidedstrategyofattractingforeigninvestment.HedgetheexchangereservetoincreasethetensionofmonetaryReducethespeculationtensionbroughtbyshort-termincreaseofforeignIncreasethefloatingextentorchangetopegtoabasketofGraduallyincreasetheflexibilityofexchangeratesystem.VIMemorandumWritingDate:Oct.26thTo:JohnJohnson,viseFrom:Laura,salesteamleaderRe:meetingonsalespromotionOnOctober24th2004,oursalesteamorganizedameetingtoworkoutnewsalesproposalforthenextseason.Jacky,KevinandVivian,JocelynandMikeparticipatedthemeetings.Wenowhaveentrenchedourcompetitivepositionoverotherrivalsonthemarket.Thebusinesshasbeenmature.Nextweareintendedtoconsolidatethegoodimageofour amongtheconsumersandrewardourloyalregularcustomers,soastoattractmorepotentialcustomers.Thepromotioncanbedividedintothreeparts.(1)Partonefocusesontheuniversitycampus.Purchasingmadebyuniversitystudentsconstituteslargepartofthesales.Wepreparetoholdaspecialsaleonseveralcampsofferingfavorablediscountingprice,aswellasmini-packagesamples.Wewillwithcooperatetheuniversitystudentsuniontoworkoutthispart.(2)Parttwofocusesonthesupermarket.Therewillbeapromotionsaleslastingaboutamonthinallthemajorsupermarketsaroundthecity.Ontheaverage,e