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[模擬]考研英語閱讀模擬221

多項(xiàng)選擇

Noverysatisfactoryaccountofthemechanismthatcausedthe

formationoftheoceanbasinshasyetbeengiven.Thetraditionalview

supposesthattheupperlayeroftheearthbehavesasaliquidwhenit

issubjectedtosmallfocusforlongperiodsandthatdifferencesin

temperatureunderoceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproduce

movementsintheupperlayeroftheearthwithrisingcurrentsunderthe

mid-oceanridgesandsinkingcurrentsunderthe

continents.Theoretically,thesemovementswouldcarrythecontinental

platesalongasthoughtheywereonaconveyorbeltandwouldprovidethe

forcesneededtoproducethesplitthatoccuralongtheridge.Thisview

maybecorrect;ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenby

temperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthe

continents.

Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisunconvincingbecausethe

movementsdonotnormallyoccuralonglines,anditcertainlydoesnot

occuralonglinesbrokenbyfrequentchangesindirection,astheridge

is.Also,itisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetween

theMid-AtlanticRidgeandtheridgeintheIndianOcean.Thisplateis

growingonbothsides,andsincethereisnointermediatetrench,thetwo

ridgemustbemovingapart.Analternativetheoryisthatthesinkingpart

oftheplate,whichisdenserthanthehottersurroundings,pullstherest

ofplateafterit.Againitisdifficulttoseehowthisappliestothe

ridgeintheSouthAtlantic,whereneithertheAfricannortheAmerican

platehasasinkingpart.

Anotherpossibilityisthatthesinkingplatecoolsthe

neighboringmantleandproducesmotioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.This

lasttheoryisattractivebecauseitgivessomehopeofexplainingthe

neighboringmantleandproducesmotioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.This

lasttheoryisattracttivealsobecauseitgivessomehopeofexplaining

theenclosedseas.Theseseashaveatypicaloceanicfloor,exceptthatthe

floorisoverlaidbyseveralkilometersofsediment.Theirfloorshave

probablybeensinkingforlongperiods.Itseemspossiblethatasinking

currentofcooledmaterialontheuppersideofthemightbethecause

ofsuchdeepbasins.Theenclosedseasareanimportantfeatureofthe

earth,ssurfaceandseriouslyrequireexplanation.

focus(n.)活動(dòng)中心conveyor(n.)傳送帶ridge(n.)山

脊,山脈

trench(n.)溝,渠mantle(n.)覆蓋物sediment(n.)

沉淀物,沉積物

1

第1題:

Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethecontentofthetext?

A.SeveralTheoriesofOceanBasinFormation

B.TheTraditionalViewoftheOceans

C.MotionsandOceanCurrents

D.TemperatureDifferencesamongtheOceans

參考答案:A

答案解析:

本文主要論述解釋海底盆地成因的幾個(gè)理論的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。第一段:傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)海

底盆地成因的解釋極其優(yōu)勢;第二段:傳統(tǒng)理論觀點(diǎn)的不足之處及關(guān)于海底盆

地成因的解釋的另一理論一一地陷論;第三段:關(guān)于海底盆地成因的第三個(gè)解

釋。[A]主旨題。本文三段分別論述關(guān)于海底盆地成因的三個(gè)理論。故選[A]o

[B]、[C]、[D]都是這三個(gè)理論中的部分枝節(jié)。

第2題:

Theauthorreferstoa“conveyorbelt”(Line7,Para.1)inorderto.

A.illustratetheeffectsofmovementsintheupperlayeroftheearth

B.showhowtemperaturedifferencesdependonthepositionsofthe

continents

C.describethecomplicatedmotionsmadepossiblebytheoceancurrents

D.accountfortherisingcurrentsundermid-oceanridges

參考答案:A

答案解析:

[A]細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段第二句主要敘述地殼上層運(yùn)動(dòng),緊跟著的第三句中用傳送帶

來比喻這種運(yùn)動(dòng)。故選[A]。

第3題:

Accordingtothetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanbasins,which

ofthefollowingissufficienttomovethecontinentalplates?

A.Spreadingofoceantrenches.

B.Movementsofmid-oceanridges.

C.Sinkingofoceanbasins.

D.Differencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinents.

參考答案:D

答案解析:

[D]細(xì)節(jié)題。見第一段第二句、第三句“??.differencesintemperatureunder

oceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproducemovements...

2

Theoretically,thesemovementswouldcarrythecontinentalplates

along...”由此,不難看出[D]是正確答案。

第4題:

Whichofthefollowing,ifitcouldbedemonstrated,wouldmostsupportthe

traditionalviewofoceanbasinformation?

A.Theuppermantleoftheearthbehavesasadensesolid.

B.Movementsusuallyoccuralonglines.

C.Sinkingplatescoolthesurfaceoftheearth.

D.Therisingmotioncurrentskeepexactpacewiththem.

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句,作者認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)的說服力不足,主要是因?yàn)?/p>

themovementsdonotnormallyoccuralonglines(運(yùn)動(dòng)通常并不沿著基線產(chǎn)

生)。如果能演示沿著基線產(chǎn)生則會(huì)支持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。

第5題:

Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorseemtoprefer?

A.Thetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanbasinisthoroughly

wrong.

B.Thetemperatureofthesinkingplateislowerthanitssurrounding.

C.Thattheearthbehavesasaliquidresultinmanygreatoceans.

D.NeithertheAfricannortheAmericanplatemovesaccordingtothe

alternativetheory

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句"Analternativetheoryisthatthe

sinkingpartoftheplate,whichisdenserthanthehotter

surrounding,pullstherestofplateafterit”,hotter一詞表明,下沉盆

地的溫度要比周圍的溫度低,故選[B]。[A]根據(jù)第一、二段,作者認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)

既有優(yōu)勢,也有不足。[C]文中未提及。[D]文中是“??.neithertheAfricannor

theAmericanplatehasasinkingpart."(見第二段最后一句)。并不是該

項(xiàng)中所說的整個(gè)非洲和美洲板塊的移動(dòng)。

Beyondthedirectfinancial,therearesubtleandmoreseriousburdens

resultingfromthegovernment,srulesandprohibitions.Bythetimethe

CleanAirActisimplementedfullyin2005,itsproductwillreducethe

US,sgrossdomesticproductbymorethanthreepercentayear.Thatisjust

oneregulatoryprogram,albeitthelargest.

Regulationreducesthedegreeofcompetition,flowof

innovation,andproductionofnewandbetterproductsbecausesomany

governmentagencieshavethepower,whichtheyfrequentlyexercise,to

3

decidewhetherornotaCompanycanenteranindustryoranewproduct

goonthemarket.Thebiggestobstaclestodevelopinganewbiotechnology

industryarenotfinancialortechnological,theyareregulatory.

Therisingpaperworkrequirementsofgovernmentagencies

inevitablyproducealengtheningregulatorylag.Thisdelayoftenruns

intoyearsandisacostlydrainontheproductivityofprivatemanagers

aswellaspublicofficials.In1980,aCalifornialanddevelopercould

obtainin90dayswhatthenwascalled“zoning”foraresidential

development.Currently,thetypicalcompanyinthatstatereceivesan

^entitlementtobuild”foroneofitsdevelopmentsonlyaftertwoyears

ormoreofintensivework.

Thebenefitsofregulationshouldnotbeoverlooked,though.To

theextentthatsocietyobtainscleanerair,purerwater,safer

products,andhealthierworkplaces,thesebenefitsarereal.Themere

presenceofagovernmentagencydoesnotguaranteethatitsworthy

objectiveswillbeachieved,though.Forexample,asteelcompanywas

requiredtoinstallspecialscrubbingequipmentatoneofitsplantsin

ordertoreducetheemissionofvisibleironoxidedust.Thescrubber

succeedsincapturing21.2poundsanhourofthepollutant.However,the

scrubberinrunbyalargeelectricmotor.Inproducingthepowerforthat

motor,theutilityspewsout23poundsanhourofsulfurandnitrogenoxides

andothergaseouspollutants.Thus,eventhoughthecompanyismeeting

governmentregulationsonvisibleemissions,theairactuallyis1.8

poundsanhourdirtierbecauseoftheregulatoryrequirement.

Thequestionisnotwhetherregulationsproduceany

benefits,butwhethertheyareworththecosts.That,inturn,leadsto

considerationofopportunitiesforimprovement.

Howcantheburdensofregulationbereduced?Startby

questioningthetraditionaljustification,whichisthenotionofmarket

failure.Foravarietyofreasons一rangingfromtheinadequacyof

informationtothepresenceofmajorexternalities一privatemarketsare

deemednottoworkwellenough.(Atypicalexternalityoccurswhena

producerupstreamdischargespollutantsintoariver,harmingthepeople

wholivedownstream.)Thereis,incontrast,thecompanionnotionof

governmentfailure,thetendencyforthenotionofgovernmentfailure,the

tendencyforthepublicsectortodomoreharmthangoodwhenitintervenes

ineconomicactivity.

implement(vt.)實(shí)施regulatory(adj.)調(diào)控的albeit

(conj.)盡管,雖然

paperwork(n.)文書工作lag(n.)滯后

drain(n.)損耗

zoning(n.)分區(qū)entitlement(n.)應(yīng)得的權(quán)利install

(vt.)安裝

scrub(vt.)洗滌pollutant(n.)污染物

4

utility(n.)設(shè)備

spewout噴出sulfur(n.)硫磺

nitrogen(n.)氮

oxide(n,)氧化物emission(n.)排放物

justification(n.)理由

presence(n.)力量externality(n.)夕卜因deem

(vt.)認(rèn)為

discharge(vt.)釋放upstream(adv.)在上游

companion(adj.)——對(duì)的

第6題:

Thefirstthreeparagraphsareintendedtotellpeople.

A.theCleanAirActproveseffectivethoughcostly

B.thedifficultiesindevelopingbiotechnology

C.theinefficiencyofgovernmentwork

D.thedrawbacksresultedfromgovernment,srulesandprohibitions

參考答案:D

答案解析:

本文主要討論了政府的規(guī)章制度帶來的好處和弊端。第一段:政府的規(guī)章制度

的實(shí)施有時(shí)候會(huì)造成負(fù)面結(jié)果。第二段:政府的規(guī)章制度有時(shí)候不利于競爭和

發(fā)明。第三段:繁瑣的文件有時(shí)候使政治部門的辦事效率大減。對(duì)企業(yè)的發(fā)展

造成了負(fù)面影響。第四段:政府的規(guī)章制度帶來的好處雖不能忽視,答案最終

弊大于利。第五、六段:政府干涉經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)權(quán)衡利弊。[D]主旨題。"Bythetime

theGleanAirActisimplementedfullyin2005,itsimpactwillreducethe

US,sgrossdomesticproductbymorethanthreepercentayear.”;

^Regulationreducesthedegreeofcompetition,flowofinnovation,and

productionofnewandbetterproducts...”;“Therisingpaperwork

requirementsofgovernmentagenciesinevitablyproducealengthening

regulatorylag.”這幾句都表明了政府的規(guī)章制度帶來的不利之處。另外根據(jù)

文章精點(diǎn),可知本題答案為[D]。

第7題:

Theexamplegivenbytheauthorinthefourthparagraph

A.isintendedtoshowwhetherregulationsareworthy

B.isusedtoprovetheinefficiencyofgovernmentagencies

C.aimsatdisclosingthesteelcompany,sevilaction

D.tellspeoplethestrengthsandweaknessesofregulations

參考答案:A

答案解析:

5

[A]推斷題。第四段前半部分說regulation帶來的benefits,接著通過具體的

例子來說明其drawbacks:"Thus,eventhoughthecompanyismeeting

governmentregulationsonvisibleemissions,theairactuallyis1.8

poundsanhourdirtierbecauseoftherequirement.,說明這種做法劃不

來。考生可能會(huì)選成[D],[D]有對(duì)的成分,但本題是通過權(quán)衡來說明regulation

的不利之處,指出其strength是來映襯其weakness0

第8題:

Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat.

A.measuresshouldbetakentoreducecostsofregulation

B.governmentagenciesshouldthinktwicebeforetheyintervenein

economicactivity

C.manycompaniesgobankruptowingtomarketfailure

D.dischargingpollutantsintoariverdeservespubliccondemnation

參考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]推斷題。最后一段是在總結(jié)說明政府在干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為時(shí)要三思而后行,故[B]

為正確答案。

第9題:

Wecaninferthetexttheeconomists.

A.thinkhighlyofregulation

B.urgepolicymakerstocontinuetheirregulatorywork

C.urgepolicymakerstoprotecttheconsumer

D.proposeanimmediatebanonregulation

參考答案:C

答案解析:

[C]推斷題。這篇文章重點(diǎn)談了政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來的負(fù)面影響,據(jù)此不難推測出

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們注重的是保護(hù)消費(fèi)者的利益,故[C]強(qiáng)調(diào)決策者保護(hù)消費(fèi)者。

第10題:

Accordingtothetext,theCleanAirAct.

A.shouldbeabolished

B.cannotmaketheaircleanatall

C.hasgreatpotentialimpact

D.isstronglyopposedbyindustrialsectors

參考答案:C

答案解析:

[C]推斷題。文章第一段指出空氣潔凈法令可能會(huì)造成負(fù)面影響,故[C]“具有

重大的潛在影響”為正確答案。

6

Forthepast20years,scientistshavebeeninvestigatingapossible

linkbetweenrareailments,suchaschildhoodleukaemiaandcertainadult

cancers,andexposuretoelectromagneticfields(EMF),eitherthrough

livingatclosequarterstoelectricitylinesorworkingalongsidethem

atelectricalutilities.SeverallargestudiescarriedoutinScandinavia,

America,CanadaandBritainhave,onthewhole,concludedthatthereis

littleriskofcancerassociatedwithEMFexposure.Butshortcomingsin

someoftheirmethodsandalackofagreementbetweentheirresults,have

keptthedebateelectrified.

Thisweek,agroupofBritishresearchersadvisingthe

government,sNationalRadiologica

3

第11題:

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheBritishstudy?

A.Itisacompletelynewstudy,independentofthepreviousstudies.

B.Itoffersacompletelydifferentconclusionthandidtheprevious

studies.

C.Itdrawsheavilyonthepreviouslyconductedstudies.

D.ItshedsnonewlightwhatsoeverontheconnectionbetweenEMFand

cancer.

參考答案:c

答案解析:

這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的信號(hào)詞為“Britishstudy”,出自于文章第二段第一

句話中。文章第二段指出:一組英國研究人員建議政府支持他們評(píng)估EMF的危險(xiǎn);

在查閱了大量已出版的有關(guān)此課題的傳染病和實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究后,在考慮了這些研究

的各種的缺陷和傾向后,咨詢小組同意流行的觀點(diǎn)--EMF暴露與人類癌癥之間

的聯(lián)系不牢固;小組成員幾乎沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有說服力的證據(jù)表明這種持久的職業(yè)暴露

與成人的白血病或腦部癌癥之間有什么聯(lián)系。這說明:英國人所做的研究主要以

先前的研究為基礎(chǔ)。C項(xiàng)中說"Itdrawsheavilyonthepreviouslyconducted

studies",這與文章的意思相符。A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)兩項(xiàng)之意明顯與文章的意思不符;

D項(xiàng)之意與第二段最后一句話的意思不符。

第12題:

Thefactthatprolongedresidentialexposuretorelativelystrong

magneticfieldsofgreaterthan0.4microteslasmayincreasetheriskof

achilddevelopingleukemiaisnotsofrighteningindetai1because

A.thestudylackshardevidencetoprovethelink.

B.peoplewhoareexposedtothemagneticfieldswithastrengthof

0.4microteslasormoreisonlyasmallfractionofthecountry's

population.

7

C.thenumberofchildrenwhoareexposedtothemagneticfieldswith

astrengthof0.4microteslasormoreisnegligible.

D.thenumberofcasesofleukemiaattributabletoexposuretothe

magneticfieldswithastrengthof0.4microteslasormoreisverysmall.

參考答案:D

答案解析:

長時(shí)間暴露于住所的強(qiáng)磁場中可能增加兒童患白血病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這一事實(shí)并不怎么

令人震驚,因?yàn)閇A]該研究缺乏有力的證據(jù)證明兩者之間的聯(lián)系。

[B]那些暴露于零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉或更強(qiáng)磁場中的人,只占全國總?cè)丝诘囊恍〔糠帧?/p>

[C]那些暴露于零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉或更強(qiáng)磁場中的兒童人量微不足道。[D]

那些因暴露于零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉或更強(qiáng)磁場中而患白血病的例子很少。[答

案]D這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的信號(hào)詞為"theriskofachilddeveloping

leukemia",出自于文章第二段最后一句話中。文章第二段最后一句話指出:咨

詢小組確實(shí)注意到,在住所長時(shí)間暴露于相對(duì)強(qiáng)的、大于零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉的磁場

中會(huì)使兒童患白血病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加倍;第三段指出:表面上這聽起來可能嚇人,但詳

細(xì)說來就不怎么嚇人了;英國人的研究估計(jì),大約三十萬人(占全國人口的百分

之零點(diǎn)五)暴露在零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉或更強(qiáng)的磁場中;所以相當(dāng)多的英國兒童陷入

這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中;兒童白血病是一種不常見的疾病,每年在英國被報(bào)道的只有五百例;

研究人員估計(jì),暴露在強(qiáng)磁場中可能與每年新增的兩例白血病有關(guān)。這說明:暴

露于零點(diǎn)四微特斯拉或更強(qiáng)磁場中而患白血病的人并不多。D項(xiàng)中說“thenumber

ofcasesofleukemiaattributabletoexposuretothemagneticfieldswith

astrengthof0.4microteslasormoreisverysmall”,這與文章的意思

相符。A項(xiàng)之意明顯與文章的意思不符;文中沒有說明B項(xiàng)之意同患兒童白血病

的人少有什么關(guān)系;C項(xiàng)之意與文章第三段第四句話的意思不符。

第13題:

TheauthorquotesAnthonySwerdlow(Para.4)inorderto

A.provideproofforthestatementmadeinthelastsentenceofthe

previousparagraph.

B.qualifythestatementmadeinthelastsentenceoftheprevious

paragraph.

C.contradictthestatementmadeinthelastsentenceoftheprevious

paragraph.

D.drawaconclusionbasedonthestatementmadeinthelastsentence

ofthepreviousparagraph.

參考答案:B

答案解析:

作者引用安東尼?索得洛這個(gè)例子(第四段)是為了[A]為上一段最后一

句話的陳述提供證據(jù)。[B]限定上一段最后一句話的陳述。[C]

反駁上一段最后一句話的陳述。[D]以上一段最后一句話的陳述為基礎(chǔ)作

總結(jié)。[答案]B這是一道結(jié)構(gòu)題。題干中的信號(hào)詞為“AnthonySwerdlow”,

出自于文章第四段第一句話中。文章第三段最后一句話指出:研究人員估計(jì),暴

8

露在強(qiáng)磁場中可能與每年新增的兩例白血病有關(guān);第四段接著指出:但是倫敦癌

癥研究所的傳染病研究學(xué)家安東尼?索得洛尖銳指出--即使EMF與兒童白血病

有關(guān),但那并不意味著白血病是因EMF引起的;因?yàn)槿藗円呀?jīng)知道,EMF沒有直

接改變DNAO這說明:作者引用安東尼?索得洛這個(gè)例子是為了限定上一段最后

一句話所陳述的事實(shí)。B項(xiàng)中說"qualifythestatementmadeinthelast

sentenceofthepreviousparagraphv,這與作者的意圖相符。A項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)兩

項(xiàng)之意顯然不是作者的意圖;安東尼?索得洛也認(rèn)為EMF與兒童白血病有關(guān),所

以C項(xiàng)之意也不是作者的意圖。

第14題:

Whatdoesthephrase“pindown”(Para.5)mean?

A.Makeclear.

B.Makeinformed.

C.Makefamous.

D.Makeinteresting.

參考答案:A

答案解析:

短語“pindown”(第五段)的意思是什么?[A]使……清楚。[B]

使……知曉。[C]使……聞名。[D]使……有趣。[答案]A

這是一道詞義題。題干中的信號(hào)詞出自于文章第五段第一句話中。文章第五段指

出:EMF可能與另一種致癌媒介物一起作用,但因?yàn)橛袩o數(shù)的可疑因素潛藏于現(xiàn)

實(shí)世界,所以很難在以人為本的研究中解釋清楚這些因素;在實(shí)驗(yàn)室可能更容易

揭示這種致癌的協(xié)同作用,但是沒有足夠的兒童白血病的動(dòng)物實(shí)例可用來檢測這

種假設(shè)。這說明:該短語的意思應(yīng)該是“解釋清楚”。A項(xiàng)中說“makeclear”,

這與文章的意思相符。B項(xiàng)、C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)三項(xiàng)之意都與文章的意思不符。

第15題:

ScientistsmayaddressallofthefollowingproblemsEXCEPT

A.whetherEMFdirectlyaltersDNA.

B.whatagentsotherthanEMFareimplicatedincausingcancer.

C.notenoughpeopleinBritainwithhighexposurestowarrantuseful

epidemiologicalstudies.

D.uncertaintyastosourcesofexposuresotherthanoverheadpower

lines.

參考答案:A

答案解析:

科學(xué)家可能著手解決下面所有問題,除了[A]EMF暴露是否直接改變了

DNAO[B]除了EMF暴露外,還有什么原因會(huì)引發(fā)癌癥。[C]英國

暴露于強(qiáng)磁場的人不足以進(jìn)行有價(jià)值的傳染病研究。[D]除了頭頂?shù)碾娋€

外,暴露的其它來源還不確定。[答案]A這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第五段第

一句話指出:EMF可能與另一種致癌媒介物一起作用,但很難在以人為本的研究

中解釋清楚這些因素;這說明B項(xiàng)之意是科學(xué)家可能著手解決的問題;文章第六

9

段第三句話證實(shí)C項(xiàng)之意也是科學(xué)家可能著手解決的問題;文章最后一段最后一

句話說“他們的EMF暴露原因?qū)⑿枰M(jìn)一步調(diào)查研究”,這說明D項(xiàng)之意也是科

學(xué)家可能著手解決的問題。文章第四段最后一句話說:EMF暴露沒有直接改變

DNA;這說明A項(xiàng)之意不是要解決的問題。

APolishproverbclaimsthatfish,totasteright,shouldswimthree

times一inwater,inbutterandinwine.Theearlyeffortsofthebasic

scientistsinthefoodindustryweredirectedatimprovingthepreparation,

preservation,anddistributionofsafeandnutritiousfood.Ourmemories

ofcertainfoodstuffseatenduringtheWorldWarIIsuggestthat,

althoughthesemighthavebeensafeandnutritious,theycertainlydid

nottasterightnorweretheyparticularlyappetizinginappearanceor

smell.Thisneglectofthesensoryappealoffoodsishappilybecoming

athingofthepast.Now,inthebookuPrinciplesofSensoryEvaluation

ofFood,“theauthorshopethatitwillbeusefultofoodtechnologists

inindustryandalsotoothersengagedinresearchintoproblemofsensory

evaluationoffoods.Anattempthasclearlybeenmadetocollectevery

possiblepieceofinformationwhichmightbeuseful,morethanone

thousandfivehundredreferencesbeingquoted.Asaresult,thebookseems

atfirstsighttobeanexhaustiveandcriticallyusefulreviewofthe

literature.Thusitcertainlyis,butthisisbynomeansitsonly

achievement,fortherearemanysuggestionsforfurtherlinesofresearch,

andthediscursivepassagearecrisplyprovocativeofnewideasandnew

waysoflookingatestablishedfindings.

Ofparticularinterestistheweightgiventothepsychological

aspectsofperception,bothobjectivelyandsubjectively.Therelation

betweenstimuliandperceptioniswellcovered,andincludesavaluable

discussionoftheusesanddisadvantagesoftheWeberfractionin

evaluationofdifferences.Isisinterestingtofindthatinspiteofmany

attemptstoseparateanddefinethemodalitiesoftaste,nothingbetter

hasbeenachievedthanthefamiliarclassificationintosweet,sour,salty

andbitter.Noristhereasyetanyclear-cutevidenceofthephysiological

natureofthetastestimulus.Withregardtosmell,systemsof

classificationareoflittlevaluebecauseoftheextraordinary

sensitivityofthenoseandbecausetheresponsetothestimulusisso

subjective.Theauthorssuggestthataclassificationbasedonthe

size,shapeandelectronicstatusofthemoleculeinvolvedmeritsfurther

investigation,asdoesthetheoreticalpropositionthatweakphysical

bindingofthestimulantmoleculetothereceptorsiteisanecessarypart

ofthemechanismofstimulation.

Apartfromtasteandsmell,therearemanyothercomponentsof

perceptionofthesensationsfromfoodinthemouth.Thebasicmodalities

ofpain,cold,warmthandtouch,togetherwithvibrationsense,

discriminationandlocalization,mayallplayapart,as,ofcourse,does

10

auditoryreceptionofbone-conductedvibratorystimulifromtheteeth

wheneatingcrisporcrunchyfoods.Inthisconnectiontheauthorsrightly

pointoutthatthistypeofstimulusrequiresmuchmoreinvestigation,

suggestingthatastartmightbemadebyusingsubjectsafflictedwith

variousformsofdeafness.Itiswell-knownthatextraneousnoisemay

alterdiscrimination,andtheattentionoftheauthorsisdirectedtothe

workofProf.H.J.Eysenckonthe“stimulushunger“ofextrovertsand

theastimulusavoidance”ofintroverts.

第16題:

ThereviewerusesaPolishproverbatthebeginningofthearticleinorder

to

A.showtheconnectionbetweenfoodandnationalityoffood.

B.introduce,inaninterestingmanner,thediscussionoffood.

C.indicatethattherearevariouswaystopreparefood.

D.impressuponthereaderthefoodvalueoffish.

參考答案:B

答案解析:

這是一道結(jié)構(gòu)題。題干中的信號(hào)詞是“aPolishproverb”,出自于文章第一段

第一句話中。文章第一段指出:一個(gè)波蘭諺語說,要想魚可口,應(yīng)讓它游三游;

食品工業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)家所做的早期努力旨在提高安全營養(yǎng)食品的準(zhǔn)備、保存和分

配水準(zhǔn);二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期吃的某些食品雖然可能安全、有營養(yǎng),但它們顯然味道不好,

其色或香味也不特別使人有食欲;幸運(yùn)的是,有了《食品感官評(píng)估原則》這本書,

作者希望該書能對(duì)食品工業(yè)技師以及其他研究食品感官評(píng)估問題的人有所幫助。

這說明:書評(píng)者引用波蘭諺語是為了引出他想表達(dá)的話題一探討食品。B項(xiàng)中說

“introduce,inaninterestingmanner,thediscussionoffood”,這與

書評(píng)者的意圖相符。文中沒有提到A項(xiàng)之意;C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)兩項(xiàng)之意顯然不是書評(píng)

者的意圖。

第17題:

Thereviewer'sappraisalof"PrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood”

isoneof

A.mixedfeelings.

B.indifference.

C.faintpraise.

D.highpraise.

參考答案:D

答案解析:

根據(jù)本文,我們了解到:作者對(duì)《食品感官評(píng)估原則》一書的態(tài)度為[A]百

11

感交集。[B]漠不關(guān)心。[C]低調(diào)稱頌。[D]高度贊賞。[答案]D這是一

道態(tài)度題。題干中的信號(hào)詞是"PrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood”,

出自于文章第一段第五句話中。文章第一段指出:《食品感官評(píng)佑原則》一書嘗

試收集所有可能有價(jià)值的信息,它引用了一千五百多份參考資料;該書給人的第

一印象就是--它似乎是食品文獻(xiàn)的一個(gè)詳盡的、批判性利用的評(píng)論;這肯定是

但絕不是該書的唯一成就,因?yàn)樵摃鵀檫M(jìn)一步研究探索提供了許多建議,不連貫

的段落充滿著刺激性的新思想以及看待已認(rèn)可的發(fā)現(xiàn)之新方法;第二段接著指

出:無論從主觀還是從客觀上來看,該書特別令人感興趣的是它注重感知的心理;

它很恰當(dāng)?shù)睾w了刺激與感知之間的關(guān)系。這說明:本文作者很欣賞該書。D項(xiàng)

中說“highpraise”,這與作者的態(tài)度相符。A項(xiàng)之意明顯不是作者的態(tài)度;B

項(xiàng)之意與作者的態(tài)度相反;C項(xiàng)之意不準(zhǔn)確。

第18題:

Whatdoestheword“modality”(Para.2)mostprobablymean?

A.Form.

B.Model.

C.Shape.

D.Nature.

參考答案:D

答案解析:

單詞“modality"(第二段)最可能的意思是什么?[A]形式。[B]模

型。[C]形狀。[D]特性。[答案]D這是一道詞義題。題干中的信號(hào)詞出自

于文章第二段第三句話中。文章第二段指出:有趣的是,該書發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管多次嘗

試區(qū)分以及定義味道的特性,但都不如將其分為甜、酸、咸和苦等準(zhǔn)確;也還沒

有任何確定無疑的證據(jù)證實(shí)味覺刺激的生理特性。這說明:該單詞應(yīng)該與"nature

(特性)”的意思相近。D項(xiàng)中說“nature”,這與文章的意思相符。A項(xiàng)、B

項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)三項(xiàng)之意都與文章的意思不符。

第19題:

Thewriterofthearticledoesnotexpresstheview,eitherdirectlyor

byimplication,that

A.sharplydefinedclassificationsoftasteareneeded.

B.moreresearchshouldbedoneregardingthemolecularconstituency

offood.

C.temperatureisanimportantfactorinthevalueoffood.

D.foodvaluesareobjectivelydeterminedbyanexpert“smeller”.

參考答案:D

答案解析:

本文作者既沒有直接也沒有含蓄地表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是[A]必需對(duì)味道作出明確

的分類。[B]需要更多地研究食品的分子組成。[C]溫度是食品價(jià)值中

的一個(gè)重要因素。[D]食品價(jià)值客觀上由“嗅覺”專家決定。[答案]D

這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段第三、四句話指出:該書發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管多次嘗試區(qū)分

12

以及定義味道的特性,但都不如將其分為甜、酸、咸和苦等常見類型準(zhǔn)確;也還

沒有任何確定無疑的證據(jù)證實(shí)味覺刺激的生理特性;這說明A項(xiàng)之意是作者明確

表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn);文章第二段最后一句話指出:作者建議,一種基于尺寸、形狀以及

所涉及分子的電子狀況的分類值得進(jìn)一步研究,就如同需要進(jìn)一步研究刺激分子

對(duì)神經(jīng)末端的微弱束縛是刺激機(jī)制的一個(gè)必不可少部分的理論問題一樣;這說明

B項(xiàng)之意也是作者明確表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn);文章第三段第二句話說:疼痛、冰冷、溫暖

和感觸的基本特性,連同震動(dòng)感、識(shí)別和方位感,可能都起了作用;當(dāng)然,吃脆

的或嘎吱嘎吱響的食物時(shí),聽覺接收到的來自牙齒、骨頭發(fā)出的震動(dòng)刺激也起了

作用;這說明C項(xiàng)之意也是作者明確表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。只有D項(xiàng)之意文中沒有提到。

第20題:

Theauthorsofthebooksuggesttheuseofdeafsubjectbecause

A.theauditorysenseisanimportantfactorinfoodevaluation.

B.deafpeoplearegenerallyintroversive.

C.theyaremorefastidiousintheirchoiceoffoods.

D.alltypesofsubjectsshouldbeused.

參考答案:A

答案解析:

《食品感官評(píng)估原則》一書的作者建議使用耳聰之人進(jìn)行研究,因?yàn)椋跘]

聽覺感是食品評(píng)估的一個(gè)重要因素。[B]耳聰之人普遍性格內(nèi)向。[C]耳

聰之人在挑選食品時(shí)更挑剔。[D]應(yīng)使用所有類型的人進(jìn)行研究。[答

案]A這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的信號(hào)詞是“deafsubject",出自于文章最后

一段第三句話中。文章

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