生物專業(yè)英語-lesson-1-inside-the-living-cell

LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellPartsWarming–upWordsandphrasesTextAnalysisSimpleexercisesAdditionalInformationContentsWarming–up植物細(xì)胞模式圖動物細(xì)胞模式圖Glossary

---aboutthe

proteinsand

organellesinsidethelivingcellStructureandFunction---aboutthe

organellesinsidethelivingcellFocusin……Aglobularcontractileprotein.Inmusclecells,actininteractswithanotherprotein,myosin,tobringaboutcontraction.1.actin

n.肌動蛋白Wordsandphrases2.n．肌球蛋白肌動蛋白3.

Microfilamentsaresolidrodsmadeofaproteinknownasactin.

4.

Microtubulesarebiopolymersthatarecomposedofsubunits.5.cytoskeletonn．細(xì)胞骨架

6.cytoplasm

n.胞質(zhì)7.centriolen.中心粒Anorganellelocatedclosetothenucleusinmostanimalandlowerplantcellsbutabsentfromprokaryotesandhigherplants.8.chemotaxis

n.[動物]化學(xué)向性；[生物]趨化現(xiàn)象；趨藥性

Alocomotorymovementofanorganismorcellinresponseto,anddirectedby,anexternaldirectionalstimulus.9.Aplastidinwhichphotosynthesisiscarriedout.Chloroplastsoccurinallphotosyntheticorganismsexceptphotosyntheticbacteriaandblue-greenalgae.10.ADNA-histonethreadresidinginthenucleusofacell.Eachchromosomepossessestwotelomeresandacentromere,andsomecontainanucleolusorganizer.11.n.纖毛Numerousshort,hairlikestructuresprojectingfromthecellsurfacethatenablelocomotion.12.13.14.15.

16.n．?dāng)M核，類核，核質(zhì)體17.n．核仁18.n．胞核，神經(jīng)核，核

19.n．吞噬作用

20.

21.n.質(zhì)體，成形粒質(zhì)體是植物細(xì)胞中由雙層膜包裹的一類細(xì)胞器的總稱，可分為白色體、有色體和葉綠體。

22.

23.

24.n．子座；基質(zhì)25.26.27.endoplasmicreticulum

n.內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)

Theendoplasmicreticulumplaysanimportantroleinthebiosynthesis,processing,andtransportofproteinsandlipids.28.nuclearenvelope

n.核膜，核被膜29.Golgicomplex

n.高爾基復(fù)合體30.basalbody

n.基體

纖毛和鞭毛的微管組織中心Wordsandphrases:Actinmyosin

centriolenucleoid

chemotaxisnucleoli

chloroplastnucleus

chromosomephagocytosis

ciliapinocytosis

cytoplasmplastid

cytoskeletonpolysome

dyneinribosome

flagellastroma

lysosometubulin

microfilamentvacuole

microtubulemitochondrionII.TextAnalysis1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactoryMostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedtotheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutients,ions,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.參考翻譯1.細(xì)胞質(zhì)：動力工廠與生命相關(guān)的大部分特性都來自于胞質(zhì)中。絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞都由這種質(zhì)膜包被的半流體胞質(zhì)組成。在胞質(zhì)中懸浮著各種細(xì)胞器，并由絲狀的細(xì)胞骨架所支撐。營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、金屬離子、可溶性蛋白以及維持細(xì)胞生理需求的其他物質(zhì)溶于胞質(zhì)流體中。2.TheNucleus:InformationCentralTheeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousethegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid).Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.Apore-perforatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopeseparatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargermoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.參考翻譯2.細(xì)胞核:信息中心

在真核生物中，細(xì)胞核是最大的細(xì)胞器，細(xì)胞核的染色體上攜帶著遺傳物質(zhì)—DNA（原核生物的遺傳物質(zhì)位于擬核中）。細(xì)胞核含有1～2個核仁，核仁主要在細(xì)胞分裂的過程中發(fā)揮作用。含有多個核孔的核膜將胞核和胞質(zhì)隔開，小分子物質(zhì)能自由通過核膜，而大分子物質(zhì)如mRNA、核糖體等則必須通過核孔穿梭于胞質(zhì)和胞核中。3.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnitsAlleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsorganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,Vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.參考翻譯3.細(xì)胞器:各司其職所有的真核生物都包含著多種細(xì)胞器，每一種細(xì)胞器又行使著不同的功能。本文主要介紹核糖體、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基體、液泡、溶酶體、線粒體和植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體等。Thenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthatribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmaller

subunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,“reading”thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;Suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.參考翻譯細(xì)胞中核糖體的數(shù)量往往從幾百到幾千不等，數(shù)量之眾反映出在細(xì)胞加工過程中核糖體提供了氨基酸裝配合成蛋白質(zhì)的場所，合成的蛋白就地使用或運(yùn)到別處。完整的核糖體由大、小兩個亞基組成。在蛋白質(zhì)合成的過程中，兩個亞基沿著mRNA移動，讀取mRNA上編碼的遺傳信息并將其翻譯成蛋白。幾個核糖體往往串連到一條mRNA單鏈上，這樣形成的復(fù)合體叫做多聚核糖體。大多數(shù)細(xì)胞蛋白是由細(xì)胞質(zhì)中核糖體合成，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白和膜蛋白的合成則通常與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)有關(guān)。Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.TheSERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.參考翻譯內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)是一個連續(xù)的膜囊和膜管網(wǎng)，可分為粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和光滑內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)兩種類型，兩種都與蛋白質(zhì)的合成和運(yùn)輸有關(guān)。其中的糙面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上附著多聚核糖體，它可能是細(xì)胞分裂后形成核膜的來源；光面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)無多聚核糖體，主要作用是脂肪和類固醇的合成以及細(xì)胞內(nèi)有毒物質(zhì)的氧化。總之，兩種類型的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)都可以發(fā)揮隔離室的作用，相關(guān)產(chǎn)物在其中進(jìn)行分流或運(yùn)輸?shù)郊?xì)胞外。Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,theGolgicomplex.WithintheGolgicomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.參考翻譯轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)囊泡能夠?qū)⑥D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分子從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到其他的膜包被的細(xì)胞器（高爾基體）中，在高爾基復(fù)合體中修飾，包裝后輸出細(xì)胞或傳遞到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的其他場所。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbutareactuallyfilledwithfluidandsolublemolecules.Themostprominentvacuolesappearinplantcellsandserveaswaterreservoirsandstoragesitesforsugarsandothermolecules.Vacuolesinanimalcellscarryoutphagocytosis(Theintakeofparticularmatter)andpinocytosis(vacuolardrinking).參考翻譯液泡看似一個空囊，實則充滿了流質(zhì)和可溶性分子。大液泡存在于植物細(xì)胞中，儲留水分、糖分和其他分子。動物細(xì)胞中的液泡主要起胞吞和胞飲的功能。Asubsetofvacuolesistheorganellesknownaslysosomes,whichcontaindigestiveenzymes(packagedinlysosomesintheGolgicomplex)thatcanbreakdownmostbiologicalmacromolecules.Theyacttodigestfoodparticlesandtodegradedamagedcellparts.參考翻譯溶酶體是液泡的亞單位，其中含有的多種消化酶是由高爾基體包裝轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的。這些消化酶能夠降解大多數(shù)生物大分子、食物顆粒和損傷的細(xì)胞碎片。Mitochondriaarethesitesofenergy-yieldingchemicalreactionsinallcells.Inaddition,plantcellscontainplastidsthatutilizelightenergytomanufacturecarbohydratesintheprocessofphotosynthesis.ItisonthelargesurfaceareaprovidedbytheinnercristaeofmitochondriathatATP-generatingenzymesarelocated.Mitochondriaareself-replicating,andprobablytheyaretheevolutionary

descendantsofwhatwereoncefree-livingprokaryotes.參考翻譯線粒體是所有細(xì)胞中細(xì)胞中化學(xué)產(chǎn)能的場所。另外，植物細(xì)胞中的質(zhì)體在光合作用中利用光能產(chǎn)生碳水化合物。線粒體內(nèi)嵴上提供了很大的表面積并分布著產(chǎn)ATP酶。線粒體自我復(fù)制，可能是獨立生存的原核生物在進(jìn)化中形成的后代。Therearetwotypesofplastids:Leucoplasts,whichlackpigmentsandserveasstoragesitesforstarch,proteins,andoils;andchromoplasts,whichcontainpigments.Themostimportantchromoplastsarechloroplasts-organellesthatcontainthechlorophyllusedinphotosynthesis.Theinternalstructureofchloroplastsincludesstacksofmembranescalledgrana,whichareembedded,inamatrixcalledthestroma.參考翻譯質(zhì)體有兩種類型，分別是白色體和有色體。白色體不含色素，是淀粉、蛋白質(zhì)、油脂的儲存庫；有色體含有色素，其中最重要的一類是葉綠體。葉綠體含有光合作用所需的葉綠素，其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)由基質(zhì)和嵌入其中基粒（膜包被的類囊體垛疊在一起）組成。4.ThecytoskeletonAlleukaryoticcellshaveacytoskeleton,whichisaconvolutedlatticeworkoffilamentsandtubulesthatappearstofillallavailablespaceinthecellandprovidessupportforvariousotherorganelles.Alargeportionofthecytoskeletonconsistsofthreadlike

microfilamentcomposedmainlyofthecontractileproteinactin.Theyareinvolvedinmanytypesofintracellularmovementsinplantandanimalcells.Asecondprotein,myosin,isinvolveinthecontractionofmusclecells.參考翻譯

4.細(xì)胞骨架所有的真核生物都有細(xì)胞骨架，細(xì)胞骨架是由細(xì)絲和小管形成的交錯盤旋的網(wǎng)格結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎充斥了細(xì)胞中所有可利用的空間并且對細(xì)胞器提供支持作用。細(xì)胞骨架主要由微絲組成，微絲主要是可伸縮的肌動蛋白。動植物細(xì)胞的許多種類型細(xì)胞內(nèi)運(yùn)動與肌動蛋白有關(guān)。第二類蛋白是肌球蛋白，它與肌肉細(xì)胞的收縮有關(guān)。Anothermainstructuralcomponentofthecytoskeletonconsistsofmicrotubules,whicharecomposedoftheglobularproteintubulinandtogetheractasscaffoldingthatprovidesastablecellshape.

細(xì)胞骨架的另一個主要的結(jié)構(gòu)成分是微管，它由球狀微管蛋白組成，起穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞形態(tài)的支架作用。Cytoskeletalintermediatefilamentsappeartoimparttensilestrengthtothecellcytoplasm.Mechanoenzymessuchasmyosin,dynein,andkinesininteractwiththecytockeletalfilamentsandtubulestogenerateforcesthatcausemovements.細(xì)胞骨架的中間纖維提供了細(xì)胞質(zhì)伸縮動力。“機(jī)械酶”類如肌球蛋白、動力蛋白、驅(qū)動蛋白與微絲和微管相互作用從而產(chǎn)生動力，驅(qū)動細(xì)胞運(yùn)動。5.Cellularmovements細(xì)胞運(yùn)動Althoughthecytoskeletonprovidessomestabilitytocells,itsmicrotubulesandfilamentsandtheirassociatedproteinsenablecellstomovebycreepingorgliding.盡管細(xì)胞骨架提供了細(xì)胞的某些穩(wěn)定性，微管、微絲及其相關(guān)蛋白卻仍能夠使細(xì)胞以爬行或滑翔的方式運(yùn)動。Suchmovementsrequireasolidsubstrate

towhichthecellcanadhereandcanbeguidedbythegeometryofthesurface.這種運(yùn)動需要一個能使細(xì)胞附著的固體基質(zhì)，并通過表面幾何形狀的改變而運(yùn)動。Somecellsalsoexhibitchemotaxis,theabilitytomovetowardorawayfromthesourceofadiffusingchemical.有些細(xì)胞還表現(xiàn)出趨化能力，即趨向或逃離擴(kuò)散開的化學(xué)源。Certainprokaryoticcellscanswimfreelyinliquidenvironments,propelledbywhiplike

cilia

orflagella.某些原核細(xì)胞可在液體環(huán)境中通過鞭子似的纖毛或鞭毛推動進(jìn)行自由地泳動。Bothciliaandflagellahavethesameinternalstructure:ninedoublets(pairsofmicrotubules)arearrangedinaringandextendthelengthoftheciliumorflagellum,andtwomoremicrotubulesrundownthecenterofthering.纖毛和鞭毛具有相同的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：9對微管排列成環(huán)沿纖毛或鞭毛長軸延長，另有兩根或兩根以上微管在環(huán)的中央位置。Everyciliumorflagellumgrowsonlyfromthecellsurfacewhereabasalbodyislocated.Movementisbasedontheactivitiesoftinydyneinsidearmsthatextendfromoneofthemicrotubulesofeachdoublet.纖毛或鞭毛自細(xì)胞表面的基體長出，其運(yùn)動基于每個聯(lián)管上的一個微管延伸出的由微小的動力蛋白的形成的臂。Nutrients,proteins,andothermaterialswithinmostplantcellsaremovedaboutviacytoplasmicstreaming.大多數(shù)植物細(xì)胞內(nèi)部的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和其它物質(zhì)通過胞質(zhì)流動進(jìn)行運(yùn)動。Theprocessoccursasmyosinproteinsattachedtoorganellespushagainstmicrofilamentsarrayedthroughoutthecell.Microfilamentsandmicrotubulesareresponsibleforalmostallmajorcytoplasmicmovements.這個過程伴隨附著在細(xì)胞器上的肌球蛋白推動遍布于整個細(xì)胞中的微絲而發(fā)生。微絲和微管負(fù)責(zé)幾乎所有主要的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)運(yùn)動。Duringcelldivision,microtubulesofthespindle—assembledfromtubulinsubunitsnearorganellescalledcentrioles—movethechromosomes.在細(xì)胞分裂期間，靠近中心粒的微管蛋白亞基裝配成紡錘體的微管，這些微管負(fù)責(zé)染色體的移動。Reviewthewords:Actin------肌動蛋白centriole------中心粒chemotaxis-------趨化性chloroplast--------葉綠體chromosome--------染色體cilia-------纖毛Cytoplasm-------胞質(zhì)cytoskeleton-------細(xì)胞骨架flagella--------------鞭毛lysosome-----------溶酶體microfilament---------微絲microtubule-----------微管mitochondrion---------------線粒體myosin

------肌球蛋白nucleoid------擬核nucleoli

-------核仁nucleus-------細(xì)胞核phagocytosis

--------吞噬作用pinocytosis-------胞飲作用plastid--------質(zhì)體polysome

-------多聚核糖體dynein

-------動力蛋白stroma

-------基質(zhì)lysosome-------溶酶體vacuole

--------------液泡ExercisesIKeyterms:matchingMatcheachtermontheleftwiththemostappropriatedescriptionontherightPolysomea.proteinsynthesisPinocytosisb.baglikestructureExocytosisc.powergeneratorPlastidd.whereflagellagrowGolgicomplexe.towardorawayfromachemicalstimulusFlagellaf.engulfmentPhagocytosisg.RNAandribosomesLysosomeh.weblikeBasalbodyi.inplantsonlyChemotacticj.controlroomNucleusk.expelVacuolel.vacantRibosomem.whiplikeCytoskeletonn.celldrinkingMitochondriono.packagingII.TrueorfalseTheDNAofprokaryoticcellisconcentratedinthenucleus.2.Ribosomesarederivedfromthenucleoli.3.Unlikeothercellmembranes,thenuclearenvelopehasnopores.4.Thesmoothendoplasmicreticulumisheldinplacebythecytoskeleton.5.Structuralproteinsareexportable.6.Thenuclearenvelopeisproducedbytheroughendoplasmicreticulum.7.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomes.8.Whitebloodcellsworkbyphagocytosis.9.Prokaryoticcellshavemicrobodies.10.Mitochondriaareself-replication.11.Pinocytosisdescribestheintakeoffluidintoaacellbyavacuole.12.Bothprokaryoticandeukaryoticcellshaveasupportingcytoskeleton.13.Carotenoids（類胡蘿卜素）arecolorlessmolecules.14.Grana（基粒）aresurroundedbystomata（氣孔）.IIICompletionPhagocytosisisamethodofcellfeedingthatfirstrequiresthatthefoodbe

2.Thepackagessomefiftyhydrolyticenzymeinarelysosome-likevesiclescontainingwasteproducts.TheyarethoughttoinvolvedwithcellBothandthoughttohavearisenfromendosymbiosis.(內(nèi)共生)engulfedGolgicomplexlysosomesLipofuscingranules（脂褐質(zhì)顆粒）

agingmitochondriaChloroplastsIIICompletion5.Thecytoskeletoniscomposedofveryfine,mediumandlarger6.Creepingandglidingcellmovementsareusually-dependent.7.Behaviorisshownwhenacellmovestowardorawayfromachemicalsubstance.8.GlagellagrowfromthecellsurfaceonlyatthemicrofilamentsIntermediatefilamentsmicrotubulesanchorageChemotacticbasalbodyIVMultiplechoice1.Mostofthepropertiesassociatedwithprocessesoflifearepropertiesof_______.A.ThenucleusB.DNAC.ThecytoplasmD.endosymbiontsE.Noneoftheabove2.Ribosmes_______.A.areorganellesinvolvedinproteinsynthesisB.arethecell’ssitesforstarchC.areinvolvedinthebreakdownofproteinsD.arethecell’smainenergysourceE.Noneoftheabove3.Smoothendoplasmicreticulum(SER)_______.A.LacksribosomesB.isaciveinfatandsteroidsynthesisC.isinvolvedintheoxidiationoftoxinsD.alloftheaboveE.noneoftheabove4.ribosomesaremanufacturedin_______.A.cytoplasmB.nucleoliC.mitochondriaD.SERE.RER5.lysosomescontain_______.A.hydrolyticenzymesB.geneticmaterialC.storedfatsD.proteins6.DuringproteinsynthesisasinglemRNAmoleculemaybeassociatedwithseveralribosomestoform_______.A.AgeneB.AlysosomeC.ApolysomeD.SmoothendoplasmicreticulumE.Noneoftheabove7.Proteinssynthesizedonendolasmicreticulumaremodified_______.A.invacuolesB.inthecellmembraneC.intheGolgicomplexD.InlysosomesE.Noneoftheabove8.InprokayoticcellstheDNAis_______.A.foundinthenucleusB.organizedintoanumberofdiscretechromosomesC.condensedintoanunboundedareacalledthenucleoidD.condensedintonucleoliE.enclosedinanuclearenvelopeAdditionalInformation1.NamesofChemicalElementSymbolscommonlyUsed:HhydrogenClChlorineCCarbonZnZincAlAluminiumHgMercuryCaCalciumOOxygenFeIron