法學(xué)專業(yè)商法報(bào)告書

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研究背景:在國(guó)家立法機(jī)關(guān)著手制定《民法典》的背景下，擺在商法學(xué)者面前的當(dāng)務(wù)之急就是進(jìn)一步研究我國(guó)商事立法模式的選擇問(wèn)題。探討我國(guó)的商事立法模式，對(duì)于豐富和繁榮我國(guó)的商事法學(xué)，正確認(rèn)識(shí)商法在我國(guó)整個(gè)法律體系中的定位問(wèn)題，促進(jìn)我國(guó)商事立法沿著系統(tǒng)化、科學(xué)化的方向發(fā)展，建立健全符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的商事法律制度，進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展有著十分重要的理論價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。研究主線:結(jié)合我國(guó)歷史上的商事立法、分析我國(guó)商事立法現(xiàn)狀及存在著的問(wèn)題、進(jìn)一步探討我國(guó)商事立法發(fā)展前景-------<<商事通則>>和商事立法的體系化建立完善。關(guān)鍵詞:商事單行法、<<商事通則>>我國(guó)古代商事立法自從人類社會(huì)產(chǎn)生就有了商品的交換及”商’’概念。商和商人在溝通生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間的流通環(huán)節(jié)，為人們生產(chǎn)發(fā)展和生活水平的豐富發(fā)揮著重要作用。但我國(guó)古代特別是封建法制一直是諸法合體、民刑不分、重刑輕民，連獨(dú)立的民事立法都沒(méi)有，更不能奢談商法了。雖然我國(guó)古代不存在著形式意義上的冠以”商法典”的商事立法及商事單行法，但這并不能否認(rèn)我國(guó)古代一部分以商事關(guān)系為規(guī)范對(duì)象的商事法律法規(guī)。諸如:我國(guó)近代商事立法我國(guó)真正的近代商事立法肇始于清朝末年，但這并不是我國(guó)古代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物而是隨著鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)西方的入侵下開始的。清末的商事立法活動(dòng)，清政府在其統(tǒng)治岌岌可危的情況下，提出了“先訂商律”的主張，“商戰(zhàn)”思想成為清末商事立法活動(dòng)的指導(dǎo)思想。諸如：<<大清商律>>、<<商人通律>>、<<公司律>>、<<破產(chǎn)律>>等等。但清末的商事立法明顯存在著移植性、應(yīng)急性等種種缺陷，到民國(guó)初年的時(shí)候雖然政治上動(dòng)蕩卻有著一定進(jìn)步與發(fā)展。資本主義性質(zhì)在我國(guó)逐漸滲入，民初的商事立法，已經(jīng)納入到資本主義商事立法的范疇了。自1928年開始，國(guó)民政府即著手修訂及制定出<<公司法>>、<<票據(jù)法>>、<<破產(chǎn)法>>、<<海商法>>、<<銀行法>>、<<保險(xiǎn)法>>、<<保險(xiǎn)業(yè)法>>等一系列法律，在富有特色的民商合一立法體制編纂下完成了初步的商事立法體例化，極大地推動(dòng)了中國(guó)商事法律近代化的進(jìn)程。新中國(guó)的商事立法止“南橘北枳”、“水土不服”。3.統(tǒng)一性與配套性相結(jié)合的原則。從法律性質(zhì)來(lái)講，《商事通則》是我國(guó)商法作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立法律部門的重要法律表現(xiàn)形式，在我國(guó)整個(gè)法律體系中應(yīng)居于商事基本法的地位。制定《商事通則》的背景條件就是我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的單行商事法律、法規(guī)和規(guī)章不能完全適應(yīng)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展需要，無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)我國(guó)內(nèi)外貿(mào)易的統(tǒng)一調(diào)整，況且它們之間也缺乏相應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)性和協(xié)調(diào)性。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)商事法律的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一，我們才選擇了制定《商事通則》這一模式。因此，我們制定《商事通則》，必須有利于商法體系自身的健全和完善，進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮《商事通則》的統(tǒng)率功能，統(tǒng)一我國(guó)商事主體和商事活動(dòng)的基本原則、基本制度和基本規(guī)則，改變我國(guó)商事立法群龍無(wú)首的現(xiàn)狀，為統(tǒng)一商事法制奠定基礎(chǔ)。統(tǒng)一商事法制是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程，與此相適應(yīng)，還必須建立健全與《商事通則》相配套的商事部門法，使其與《商事通則》的立法精神、基本原則和適用范圍相一致。只有這樣，才能充分發(fā)揮我國(guó)商法對(duì)現(xiàn)代商事關(guān)系的最佳調(diào)整功能。

(四)《商事通則》的框架與結(jié)構(gòu)

根據(jù)國(guó)外商事立法的有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)，結(jié)合我國(guó)商事活動(dòng)的發(fā)展需要，并借鑒我國(guó)民法通則的立法實(shí)踐，《商事通則》的框架與結(jié)構(gòu)大體可由以下10章構(gòu)成：第一章為總則，包括立法宗旨、商事范圍、基本原則和法律適用等；第二章為商事主體，包括個(gè)體商人、個(gè)人獨(dú)資企業(yè)、合伙企業(yè)和公司等；第三章為商事行為，包括商事行為的構(gòu)成、一般商事行為和特殊商事行為等；第四章為商事權(quán)利，包括商號(hào)權(quán)、營(yíng)業(yè)權(quán)、商譽(yù)權(quán)和股權(quán)等；第五章為商事登記，包括商事登記機(jī)關(guān)、登記范圍和登記程序等；第六章為商會(huì)，包括商會(huì)的性質(zhì)、組織運(yùn)營(yíng)、職權(quán)和職責(zé)等；第七章為商事賬簿，包括商事賬簿的種類、內(nèi)容和置備的規(guī)則等；第八章為商事訴訟時(shí)效，包括訴訟期間的確定、計(jì)算和授權(quán)規(guī)定等；第九章為商事責(zé)任，包括商事責(zé)任的種類和承擔(dān)方式等；第十章為附則，包括商事部門法的范圍及其制定、有關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)、生效時(shí)間和解釋機(jī)關(guān)等。

綜上所述，我國(guó)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的改革取向和飛速發(fā)展，為我國(guó)商事立法的出臺(tái)和商法學(xué)的發(fā)展提供了良好的機(jī)遇。我們堅(jiān)信，隨著我國(guó)全面科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的進(jìn)一步實(shí)施，經(jīng)過(guò)商法理論界和立法機(jī)關(guān)的共同努力，一個(gè)人類社會(huì)未曾有過(guò)的、標(biāo)志著我國(guó)商法獨(dú)立地位已經(jīng)確立的《中華人民共和國(guó)商事通則》必將呈現(xiàn)在世人面前。研究寄語(yǔ):我們希望在通過(guò)對(duì)商法課的學(xué)習(xí)和相關(guān)資料的查閱可以我們和同學(xué)們?cè)鲞M(jìn)理解度，并在這次的機(jī)會(huì)得到自身一個(gè)逐步學(xué)習(xí)的積極性。相信商事立法的此次研究，會(huì)使我們?cè)谌蘸髮?duì)國(guó)家出臺(tái)<<商法通則>>的理解和實(shí)施中有一定的基礎(chǔ)。但我們還存在著許多缺陷與不足，我們會(huì)逐步學(xué)習(xí)和進(jìn)步的。參考資料:<<商法學(xué)通論>>朱羽錕主編<<商法>>