語言學(xué) SEMANTICS課件

1、Chapter 5 SEMANTICS,1,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Review,1. What is semantics? 2. The major views concerning the study of meaning 3. Lexical meaning 4. Sense relations between sentences 5. Analysis of meaning,2,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Semantics is the study of meaning. (the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences

2、 in particular),3,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Some views concerning the study of meaning,Naming theory (Plato) 命名說,The conceptualist view 概念論,Contextualism (Bloomfield) 語境論,Behaviorism 行為主義論,4,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Naming theory (Plato)命名說,Words are just names or labels for things. 詞語只是代表物體的名字或標(biāo)記。 Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns

3、 only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred,5,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,The conceptualist view 概念論,Definition： one concerning meaning. It

4、is also called ideational theory（觀念論）.,6,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,SEMANTIC TRIANGLE（語義三角） THOUGHT/REFERENCE （概念/思想 /所指參照）(concept) 形式與意義直接相關(guān) 意義是在客觀事物的 基礎(chǔ)上概括而成的 SYMBOL/FORM .REFERENT (語言符號(hào)) （所指事物） (linguistic) (the real thing existing in the world),形式和所指之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系,7,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Contextualism (語境論),Definition: Meaning shou

5、ld be studied in terms of situation, use, context .Two types of contexts are recognized: (1)Situational context場(chǎng)景語境 (2) linguistic situation語言語境,8,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Behaviorism (行為主義論),Definition: a view which draws on behaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Bloomfield（布龍

6、菲爾德）：意義就是講話人的刺激和聽話人的反應(yīng)。（meaning as speakers stimulus and hearers response The story of Jack and Jill: Jill Jack S_r-s_R S = Jill sees an apple. r = Jill says “Im thirsty”. s = Jack hears Jill says “Im thirsty”. R = Jack picks the apple for Jill.,9,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,3.Lexical meaning,Sense and reference(系統(tǒng)意義和指

7、稱意義） Sense: is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. Differences 1. 系統(tǒng)意義具有相對(duì)的穩(wěn)定性、明確性；而外指意義回因人、時(shí)、地而異，具有變化性、模糊性。 2. 一般說來，系統(tǒng)意義是抽象化了的定義，多具有非物質(zhì)化特征；而外指意義會(huì)具有物質(zhì)化的特征。 3.

8、有意義的詞語都有系統(tǒng)意義，但不一定有外指意義。,10,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Synonymy（同義現(xiàn)象),Definition: refer to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms（同義詞） Types of Synonyms: 1. Dialectal synonyms（方言） e.g. autumn - fall, biscuit - cracker, petrol gasoline 2. Stylistic synonyms（文體風(fēng)格-

9、正式、一般、口語） e.g. kid, child, offspring; start, begin, commence; 3. Synonyms that differ in emotive or evaluative meaning （褒義或貶義） (e.g.collaboratorVs.accomplice) 4. Collocational synonyms（搭配） e.g. accuseof, chargewith, rebukefor; 5. Semantically different synonyms（語義不同） e.g. amaze, astound,11,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,P

10、olysemy（多義現(xiàn)象）,Definition: refers to the same word may have more than one meaning.(同一個(gè)詞具有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的意義),12,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Homonymy(同音/形異義）,Homophones 同音異形異義 two words are identical in sound,but different in both spelling and meaning. e.g. rain-reign, night/knight, Homographs 同形異音異義 two words are identical in

11、 spelling,but different in both sound and meaning. e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), Complete homonyms 同音同形異義 two words are identical in both sound and spelling,but different in meaning. e.g. fast adj fast v (齋戒）,13,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Hyponymy 下義關(guān)系,Definition: the sense relation between a more general

12、, more inclusive word and a more specific word. (下義關(guān)系指的是一個(gè)更普遍, 范圍更廣泛的詞和一個(gè)更具體的詞之間的關(guān)系.) Superordinate(上義）: the word which is more general in meaning. 意義上更普遍的那個(gè)詞稱為上坐標(biāo)詞. Hyponyms（下義）: the word which is more specific in meaning. 意義更具體的詞稱為下義詞.,14,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Antonymy（反義現(xiàn)象）,Gradable antonyms (等級(jí)反義詞） Complement

13、ary antonyms （互補(bǔ)反義詞） Relational opposites （關(guān)系對(duì)立）,15,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Gradable antonymy （等級(jí)反義詞）,( It is a matter of degree) good - bad long - short big - small Can be modified by adverbs of degree like very. Can have comparative forms. Can be asked with how. 否定一個(gè)詞并不意味著肯定另一個(gè)詞,16,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Complementary antonyms

14、(互補(bǔ)反義詞),Complementary antonyms (互補(bǔ)反義詞) - the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, 否定一個(gè)詞意味著肯定另一個(gè)詞,17,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Relational opposites(關(guān)系對(duì)立),buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife,teacher : student above : below b

15、efore : after host : guest employer :employee,Definition：Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.,18,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Sense Relations Between Sentences,1. X is synonymous with Y 2. X is inconsistent with Y 3. X entails Y (Y is an entail

16、ment of X) 4. X presupposes Y(Y is a prerequisite of X) 5. X is a contradiction 6. X is semantically anomalous,19,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Sense Relations Between Sentences,1. X is synonymous with Y ： X 與Y同義 The boy killed the cat. The cat was killed by the boy. 2. X is inconsistent with Y： X與Y不一致 He has a wife. He

17、is single. 3. X entails Y (Y is an entailment of X) X蘊(yùn)含Y Mary has been to shanghai. Mary has been to china.,20,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,4. X presupposes Y(Y is a prerequisite of X) X 預(yù)設(shè)Y His bike needs repairing. He has a bike. 5.X is a contradiction X自我矛盾 My unmarried sister is married a farmer. 6.X is semantically

18、 anomalous X語義反常 The man is pregnant.,21,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,Analysis of meaning,Componential Analysis(成分分析法) -a way to analyze lexical meaning （分析一個(gè)詞） Predication Analysis(述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析)- a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. （分析一個(gè)句子） Semantic features: the meaning of a word can be di

19、ssected into meaning components,22,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,exercises,23,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,True or False:,1. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.,2. Linguistic forms having

20、 the same sense may have different references in different situations.,F,T,24,學(xué)習(xí)交流PPT,3.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofa languageformasthesituationinwhichthespeaker uttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.,4.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthe meaningsofallitscomponents.,5. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication becaus