自考英語(yǔ)寫作_應(yīng)試技巧.ppt

1、English WritingExaming Techniques,Joe Du,General Review of English Writing,Part 1: The Book Report I. Major Parts of the Book Report information about the writer summary of the book comments on the book Objectives: 1. the balanced composition of a book report. 2. A subjective summary of the central

2、theme of the book 3. Personal interpretation and historical signification of the book.,Part II: The Whole Composition I. The Format of the Paper II.Outline of the Paper III. The Four Types of Writing Examing Points: 1. The correct format of a paper 2.Topic outline and sentence outline 3. Different w

3、ays of composition,Part III: Process of Writing a Research Paper I. Decide on a topic II.The Method of Research III.Prepare the Thesis and the Outline IV.The First Draft V. Follow the MIA style Examing Points: 1.A Suitable Topic 2.Research Process 3.Thesis and Outline 4.First Draft and Notes Incorpo

4、ration 5.MLA Style Follow-up,Part IV: A Sample Research Paper I. Title page II. Abstract III. Outline IV. Main body V. Notes VI. The works cited page Examing Point: A complete research paper,Process of Writing A Research Paper,I. Choose A Suitable Topic(恰當(dāng)?shù)恼擃}) ex. 1.There are many American Indians.(

5、broad) -The American Indians made contributions to American culture. 2. TV violence -Children TV violence 3. Tourist English Translation-Chinese Tourist Materials Translation-Treatment of Cultural Information in Chinese Tourist Materials Translation 4.The Relationship between Young Women and Their F

6、athers in Several Shakespearean Tragedies.,A. Find a Topic(確定論題) 尋找論題的源泉有很多，可以是雜志、書籍或其他什么地方。當(dāng)然更多的還是要看作者平時(shí)是否留意、作者的興趣和作者的學(xué)識(shí)。方法是：他人、前人尚未涉及的領(lǐng)域；他人前人涉及較少的領(lǐng)域；需要重新評(píng)價(jià)的領(lǐng)域；從不同的角度和重點(diǎn)研究；從分歧中找題；從聯(lián)想和交談中找題。 B. Narrow it 尋找到論題后，還要設(shè)法限制論題的范圍。,II.How to research?(怎樣做研究) 圖書館查找，并使用尋找策略(從宏觀到微觀，由大到小，由總到分)。可通過(guò)百科全書、傳記資料、詞典，并

7、查找書籍、期刊及其他材料。 找到材料后紀(jì)要去粗取精，保留與論題密切相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。還要對(duì)陳舊和權(quán)威性方面作調(diào)查。 尋找材料的過(guò)程中，需要養(yǎng)成好的習(xí)慣?？捎涗浵拢核饕?hào)；全部作者；編輯；譯者；標(biāo)題和副題；出版信息；文章的全部作者；標(biāo)題副題；雜志、期刊或報(bào)紙；日期和頁(yè)碼；卷號(hào)，期。,III.The Thesis and Outline(論點(diǎn)與提綱) (Topic)選題指的是選擇研究的課題，是具體的研究對(duì)象，(Thesis)論點(diǎn)是作者對(duì)所論問(wèn)題提出的看法主張。學(xué)術(shù)論文要求不僅要文字表述和寫作技巧正確，還要論點(diǎn)鮮明，論據(jù)充分，論證有邏輯性，層次清晰，有獨(dú)立的間接且能自圓其說(shuō)。,the requiremen

8、ts of thesis: i.論點(diǎn)要正確?？茖W(xué)研究的目的，是有益于社會(huì)的發(fā)展和世界的進(jìn)步，論文要真實(shí)地科學(xué)地反映和揭示出客觀事物的規(guī)律及本質(zhì)，不可為論點(diǎn)的標(biāo)新立異而不分真?zhèn)?，不顧客觀事實(shí)而主觀臆斷，甚至帶有個(gè)人偏見(jiàn)。 ii.論點(diǎn)要深刻。論文深刻就是說(shuō)見(jiàn)解要有獨(dú)到之處，能給人以新的啟發(fā)。 iii.論點(diǎn)要有豐富堅(jiān)實(shí)的材料基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)術(shù)論文的每個(gè)論點(diǎn)都必須有多個(gè)材料來(lái)證明，只有從豐富的材料中引出的論點(diǎn)，其正確性、可信性才強(qiáng)；僅有孤證的論點(diǎn)，往往難以成立，因?yàn)楣伦C很可能是一種偶然現(xiàn)象。,Three functions of thesis: 1.為主題劃界，不至于是作者目的不明，游離主題。 2.為論文規(guī)定

9、方向，使作者容易操作； 3.是讀者有所期盼，論文易懂。,Constructing a preliminary outline(初擬提綱) 作用：幫助自己理清思路，樹(shù)立全局觀念，把那些零亂的材料按照一定的順序排列、組合、取舍、調(diào)整、使之成為一個(gè)整體。注意結(jié)構(gòu)：中心論點(diǎn)(thesis statement)-分支論點(diǎn)(topic sentences). 擬定提綱可發(fā)現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)或論據(jù)有問(wèn)題時(shí)可回過(guò)頭去重新研究，或進(jìn)一步搜集材料。 方法：可通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)有論文總結(jié)其提綱或看現(xiàn)成的提綱學(xué)習(xí)方法,IV.(Expand Notes into a Draft then into a paper)材料集成初稿并形成論文

10、動(dòng)筆之前，確定已完成以下內(nèi)容： 1.已經(jīng)確定論點(diǎn)； 2.瀏覽全部材料并挑選出與主題相關(guān)材料 3.將材料按照一定順序排列。 4.已經(jīng)擬定提綱 注意：文章切記Copy and Paste,V.The MLA style(文章沿用MLA文內(nèi)引證模式) 論文中的引文不管是直接引語(yǔ)或間接引語(yǔ)，都要給以說(shuō)明。文中采用MLA(現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)會(huì))的引證模式，即在園括號(hào)內(nèi)寫上引文作者的名字和引文的頁(yè)碼號(hào)，這樣讀者就可以在文后的參考文獻(xiàn)(Works Cited)中查找到引文的詳細(xì)出處了。 Ex.上文提到作者的名字時(shí)，括號(hào)中就只寫引文的頁(yè)碼，如：Emily Dickinson.(523) 上文未提到作者的名字時(shí)，括號(hào)中

11、就寫上作者的名字和頁(yè)碼，如：(Goodserve 143) 如果你在參考文獻(xiàn)中引用了同一個(gè)作者的幾個(gè)文獻(xiàn)，就需要在文中括號(hào)內(nèi)簡(jiǎn)略地寫上書名或雜志名，如:(Language 20-41) .,A Sample Research Paper,論文中引證的其他幾種情況：不知作者姓名、有兩個(gè)以上作者的作品、多卷本作品，小說(shuō)、戲劇或詩(shī)歌、轉(zhuǎn)引和同時(shí)引用兩個(gè)以上作者的情況。(P268) (Endnotes and footnotes)尾注與腳注(p271) (Spacing and punctuation)空格與標(biāo)點(diǎn)(p271-272) Works Cited(參考文獻(xiàn))(P273-278),題型寫作技巧

12、,在復(fù)習(xí)完英語(yǔ)寫作內(nèi)容后，我們就每一題型分析一下解題思路，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。 寫作考試試題類型有三種： 補(bǔ)齊段落，撰寫大綱和篇章寫作。 我們分別說(shuō)一下解題思路。,1. 補(bǔ)齊段落,這個(gè)題目占到考試總分的20%，考查目的是考查學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)篇章的整體把握和段落寫作。解答此類題目，要遵循審題，閱讀理解，寫作的步驟。 Example: (P320) Supply the following passage carefully and write a conclusion of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use

13、are in unity with the passage provided.,這一題目審題要點(diǎn)有三點(diǎn)： 1.補(bǔ)齊的段落是引言，正文還是結(jié)論段落； 2.字?jǐn)?shù)要求是100字 3.要和原文保持連貫（Unity），具體講要做到語(yǔ)氣一致，用詞一致，語(yǔ)法句子復(fù)雜程度一致。 Key:前兩點(diǎn)很容易把握，關(guān)鍵在第三點(diǎn)。語(yǔ)氣一致就是要弄清楚作者對(duì)話題的態(tài)度，寫作目的和中心思想。詞匯一致指的是選詞要和原文相符合，看原文用詞是正式，學(xué)術(shù)詞匯還是非正式的，日常用語(yǔ)。句法一致是指所補(bǔ)段落的句式復(fù)雜程度要和原文一致，是簡(jiǎn)單句為主還是復(fù)雜句為主。,閱讀,搞清楚這些以后，就要帶著這些問(wèn)題來(lái)進(jìn)行閱讀，找出相關(guān)信息。 要閱讀并理

14、解文章的觀點(diǎn)（Thesis），作者態(tài)度； 閱讀并理解文章的大綱，閱讀并理解文章的重要細(xì)節(jié)； 閱讀并理解文章段落間的銜接，尤其是所缺段落與前文的聯(lián)系。,Example 1(P320),文章的觀點(diǎn)(Thesis): Like most little girls, I thought it would be very grown . 文章大綱(outline): Topic: My Shining Curls Thesis:I wanted curls more than anything Outline: I. reasons for having shining curls II.cry for

15、 haircut as I wished III. things turned out different IV. remove tangled mess and sad v. conclusion: a good experience for future life 文章銜接(linking words): Needless to say, it .not until,寫作,最后開(kāi)始寫作，引言段寫作要遵循一般到具體的原則，引出話題，點(diǎn)明論點(diǎn)，論點(diǎn)可通過(guò)總結(jié)正文各段主題句或是結(jié)論中獲得； 正文段寫作要注意從引言段論點(diǎn)出發(fā)，結(jié)合正文段其它段落主題句，確定本段主題句，還要注意和相鄰正文前一段落的最

16、后和后一段的第一句。 結(jié)論段要重述論點(diǎn)，總結(jié)全文，注意和前一段落結(jié)尾的聯(lián)系。,Sample Reading,conclusion:(p321),Writing Exercises(1),2006-2012年,審題,I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words.

17、Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.,閱讀,文章的觀點(diǎn)(Thesis): _ 文章的大綱(Outline):? _ 文章的銜接(Linking words): _,寫作,引言段？/正文段？/結(jié)尾段? 1. _ 2. _ 3. _,Useful Sentence Structures,觀點(diǎn)類:(模板一) As we all know, the general public has been debating whether.is a blessing or a curse. Sci

18、entists have made advances in.,where . Some people support., saying . Other people oppose.,saying.My own opinion is that. First,. I approve that.,but. For example,.Conversely,. Second,. Third,. Personally speaking, I approve of .only if it is placed under strict control. For one thing,.For another,.

19、 Only when we exercise extreme care over this delicate matter can we be sure to put it on the right track,模板二,Recently there have been many reports of . It turns a new page of advanced education in China, and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years. The biggest benefit, in my eyes,is

20、 that.Inaddition,. Finally,. Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges. In the first place,.In the second place,. Whats the most important,. Only when.can we .,模板三,Recently it has become a common phenomenon for college students to do. In this way,.Alt

21、hough it may bring unfavorable consequences, we can be sure to conclude that this practice is favorable on the whole. To begin with,. Moreover,. In the third place,. Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we can naturally arrive at the conclusion that it is beneficial and rewarding. This sy

22、stem not only.but also.,模板四,Recently, more and more educators and common citizens suggest that.Personlly, I fully agree with their proposal for the following reasons. On the one hand, . On the other hand,.Finally,. In a word, I warmly welcome.in university. In my mind,.,利弊類（模板一） Nowadays,.is playing

23、 a more and more important role in peoples daily life. However, peoples opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor of .claim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly,.Secondly,.Last but not least,. Those who are opposed to.hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place,.I

24、n the second place,.Finally,. All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of .along with.A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of.,問(wèn)題型（模板一）,There has long been a national debate on.Some people a

25、dvocate that firecrackers should be banned because.Others hold the opposite opinion. They believe that.From my point of view, I welcome so-called ., which has been practiced in some parts of country. On the one hand,. On the other hand,. In short, only in this way can we.,模板二： When we talk about whe

26、ther., we will be most surprised to find that the present situation is so compicated.On the one hand, . On the other hand,. Three reasons, in my eyes, can account fo r this phenomenon. In the first place,. In the second place,.Finally.,模板三,It is quite natural for young people to ponder over the ques

27、tion of whether to. Many young people will choose not to., generally for three reasons. On the one hand,.On the other hand,.Most important of all,. Nevertheless, other people adopt a totally different view. For one thing,.For another. From what we have discussed above, we can draw the conclusion tha

28、t it depends on personal choice. In my own case,.,模板四,Nowadays,. It has become a serious problem that it has aroused the concern from the whole society. To put an end to such a serious problem, in my mind, calls for the efforts from all sides. First of all, . Moreover,. Last but not the least,. How

29、can anybody expect to lead a meaningful life until he is far from.? Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating.at all levels can we expect to have.a more beautiful future.,名言警句類,模板一 The well-known proverb.has long been accepted by all of us. It tell us that. Lets take.as an example. Anot

30、her good case in point is.? Judging from the examples given above, we may safely come to the conclusion that. So why not.,模板二 there is a famous saying,. , which means .If you want to be successful, you should. A case in point is. When it comes to., it is also the case. From what has been discussed a

31、bove, we should understand the meaning of .more clearly. On the one hand,. On the other hand,. The best way is to.,. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100

32、 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.,The Magic of Music Music is one of the most common forms of entertainment. I can hardly think of anyone who doesnt like music. It appears that wherever you go, music is playing or someone is listening to his or her

33、MP3 or CD player. From middle school students to business executives, almost everyone seems to be a keen music lover. Why do people enjoy music so much? I believe music works like magic: it pleases our senses, lightens our moods, and helps to develop friendship.,To begin with, music appeals to us gr

34、eatly because heating is one of our most receptive and pleasure-feeling senses. Our ears are capable of heating and interpreting an extremely broad range of pitch and tones. Yet, other than music, the day-to-day sounds we usually hear are a scattered and unrelated series of overlapping middle tones,

35、 for example, voices and construction noise. The lack of harmony and variation in these sound waves can cause a headache. Conversely, music is the only kind of sound that is comprised of a harmonized and logical sequence of high and low tones. It is simply and naturally pleasing to our senses. _ _,F

36、inally, music is of great value because it is a means of establishing a common interest among both friends and strangers. Friends frequently take pleasure in sharing new music. The quality of a particular piece of music is something that even strangers can agree on without much debate. Strangers fro

37、m different countries can easily become friends through the simple process of singing or dancing together to music. Music, the only universal language, binds people together. Therefore, music has magic power which stimulates our senses and enhances our moods and emotions. It also serves as a means f

38、or establishing closer ties between friends and strangers alike. Indeed, a life without music would be boring and difficult.,2. 大綱寫作,大綱寫作占整個(gè)考試的20%.要求考生在閱讀并理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，寫出文章的大綱。 Example: Read the following passage carefully and try to compose a topic outline for the passage provided.,它著重考查考生大綱寫作能力，當(dāng)然閱讀能力

39、是基礎(chǔ)。做這一題型時(shí)要，注意閱讀的質(zhì)量，切忌邊讀邊寫。要先通讀原文，再進(jìn)行寫作。寫作過(guò)程中要注意這幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：,審題,確定要寫的是句子型還是話題型大綱: topic outline or sentence outline,話題和論點(diǎn),先明確話題和論點(diǎn)并寫下來(lái)。 話題就是題目， 論點(diǎn)往往出現(xiàn)在引言段最后一句。,各段主題句,注意正文段第一、二句，鎖定各段主題句。 這時(shí)要注意，有些時(shí)候需要合并自然段形成較大的段落?？醋髡呖傮w謀篇使用了何種方法。 細(xì)節(jié)要適當(dāng)，不可過(guò)簡(jiǎn)或是過(guò)細(xì)。 結(jié)論段,3. 篇章寫作,在考試中所占的比重很大，占到60%.綜合考查學(xué)生的寫作水平。 Composition 60% 考題往往

40、是由某一現(xiàn)象引出，然后詢問(wèn)考生觀點(diǎn)，然后要考生寫出一篇約為300字的說(shuō)明文或是議論文。 Mini-plays have enjoyed great popularity over the past decade. Write a short expository essay (about 300 words) examing the popularity of one of the mini-play actors or actress. In your wirting, underline your thesis and number your paragraphs.,在寫作實(shí)踐中，不少學(xué)生

41、經(jīng)常搞不清楚原因分析說(shuō)明文和議論文的差別，因?yàn)閮烧叨际且f(shuō)明理由。我們只作簡(jiǎn)單的區(qū)別。說(shuō)明文中的原因分析往往只是對(duì)某一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的原因進(jìn)行分析，所涉的話題往往具有普遍性，原因也具有客觀性。說(shuō)明文中作者不直接表述自己的好惡和傾向。說(shuō)明文有一類是要作者說(shuō)明自己做某件事的理由，這樣的原因分析可以叫做理由分析。,它所涉及到的話題就比較主觀，作者的主觀性很強(qiáng)烈。理由分析在寫作考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。而議論文是指作者對(duì)某一問(wèn)題發(fā)表自己的見(jiàn)解，論證自己見(jiàn)解的合理性，它所表達(dá)的是作者主觀的看法，它往往要首先要簡(jiǎn)短的描述他人觀點(diǎn)，樹(shù)立靶子，然后批駁別人在這一問(wèn)題上的看法，指出其合理成分，更多的是批判，最后論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。

42、由此可以看出，理由描寫是介于說(shuō)明文和議論文中的一種過(guò)渡,議論文的突出特點(diǎn)就是要樹(shù)立靶子，進(jìn)行批駁。我們稱之為Countering the Opposition.議論文的寫作和說(shuō)明文的寫作模式基本相同，但是要加入counter the opposition 段落。也就是說(shuō)，議論文我們寫成六段，引言段，反撥段，論證三段和結(jié)論。或者寫成五段，講反駁段并進(jìn)引言段作為自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后論證一二三，結(jié)論。,form your argumentative thesis: should, must, ought P215 focus on the concerns and knowledge of an appropriate audience tailor evidence to the argumentative thesis developme