研究生英語(yǔ)寫作3-圖表類.ppt

1、研究生英語(yǔ)寫作3,圖表式作文,（二）圖表式作文 考研圖表作文是通過提供的一組或幾組數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)反映某個(gè)趨勢(shì)或某一問題、現(xiàn)象。要求考生對(duì)圖表中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、分析和評(píng)論，并得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。它是將數(shù)據(jù)、形象信息轉(zhuǎn)換為文字信息的過程。 圖表作文要求的不是對(duì)圖表的簡(jiǎn)單敘述，而是抓住圖表所反映的主要問題。因?yàn)閳D表式作文所要討論的現(xiàn)象和問題都隱含在數(shù)據(jù)里，所以考生常會(huì)感到比較難寫。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析圖表中那些最有代表性、規(guī)律性的數(shù)字，或變化大的數(shù)字。它的寫作誤區(qū)是報(bào)流水賬，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)面面俱到，卻不能指出圖表所反映的中心，也不能利用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行有力的論證。,常見的圖表類型有： 表格(Table) ，它表示

2、多種事物的相互關(guān)系；它可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格常由標(biāo)題(Title)、表頭(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、側(cè)目(Stub)(表格左邊的第一列)和主體(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分組成。 用表格表達(dá)的信息具體準(zhǔn)確，而且表格中的各項(xiàng)均按一定規(guī)律排列。閱讀表格時(shí)要注意找出表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的相互關(guān)系，表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的變化規(guī)律 。,曲線圖(Line graph)也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。它常表示兩個(gè)變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過程和趨勢(shì)。一般來(lái)說，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時(shí)間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時(shí)必須找出

3、線條所反映的最高或最低的變化 ；,柱狀(Bar graph)也稱為條形圖或立柱圖，它用來(lái)表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系。條形圖由寬度相同但長(zhǎng)度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目或量時(shí)，常用不同顏色來(lái)區(qū)分。條形圖主要用來(lái)表示：1)同一項(xiàng)目在不同時(shí)間的量;2)同一時(shí)間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時(shí)，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個(gè)刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長(zhǎng)條所表示的數(shù)據(jù)及各長(zhǎng)條間的相互關(guān)系。,餅狀(Pie chart)圖，也稱為圓形圖或圓面分割圖，表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系。整個(gè)圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時(shí)圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)

4、確、清楚。,三圖一表-柱狀圖（Bar Graph）、線形圖(Line Graph)、餅狀圖(Pie Graph)、表格(Table),考研真題回顧,(1997-2012 ) 給提綱的圖畫或圖表作文(writing based on visual information or pictures or graphs) （從2010年開始出現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)一和英語(yǔ)二區(qū)分） (1991-1996)提綱式作文或主題句作文 (writing based on given outline or opening sentences ),2012 48 write an essay based on the follow

5、ing table .In your writing you should 1)describe the table ,and 2)give your comments You should write at least 150 words (15points),2011試題2 2008、2009年國(guó)內(nèi)轎車市場(chǎng)部分【品牌份額示意圖】,2010年考研英語(yǔ)2,根據(jù)以上圖表作文來(lái)看，一般在圖表題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時(shí)還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們： 1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì); 2)就圖表中所反映的某

6、種趨勢(shì)或問題分析其原因或后果。,故，寫圖表作文時(shí)，常采用三段式的謀篇方式，文章的第一段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什么問題或趨勢(shì)，概述圖表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問題或趨勢(shì)的原因。第三段則展望未來(lái)的情況或提出解決問題的辦法或建議。 這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)述為： 第一段：概述圖表反映的主題思想 第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因 第三段：展望未來(lái)或提出方法或建議,圖表類文章寫作邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)： Paragraph I: （1）描述圖表：趨勢(shì)描寫； （2）描述圖表：必要數(shù)據(jù)支持（細(xì)節(jié)性）。Paragraph II: （1）提出自己理由和觀點(diǎn)；（2）細(xì)節(jié)性分論點(diǎn)（支持自己觀點(diǎn)）。 Paragraph III: （1）

7、預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)和提出解決方法； （2）總結(jié)全文和表達(dá)作者自己觀點(diǎn)。,圖表式作文的描述方法： 第一種情況：橫向?qū)Ρ?。描述這種圖表需要對(duì)比各數(shù)據(jù)間的差別，主要以數(shù)值、倍數(shù)、排列等方式來(lái)描述。 常用句型： A department has the lowest sales figure in the three departments，followed by the B department and C department. The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B. The income from sales is 10 million，m

8、aking the company the highest one in sales. The As income reaches 20 million，which is in the middle of the list.,第二種情況：縱向說明。只要指出不同單位之間的比較，描述如何增減，增減幅度如何，反映出什么問題，就可以了。描述這樣的圖表時(shí)，可用以下詞匯和句型: The rise lasted for two weeks and then began to level off in June. The trend/increase slowed down in May. The trend

9、 of increasing working hours began to gain momentum in January. (開始走強(qiáng)) Prices went up by 50%， but the number of smokers maintained. It picked up speed at the end of this year.,第三種情況：縱向、橫向均有的說明。這種圖表不僅要注意同一事物的變化趨勢(shì)，也要注意不同事物之間的差距及變化。 表示百分比常用句型： It accounts for 30% of the total population. There are 4 me

10、mbers with masters degrees，making up nearly a quarter of the workforce. Doctors make up 40% of the staff in the hospital.,表示增長(zhǎng)率的常用句型： The figure of income increased by about 200% as compared with ten years ago. The number of students has reached 200，indicating a rise of 4%，compared to last year. 常用詞

11、匯及表達(dá)法：increase，decrease，rise，fall，slow down，level off，pick up speed，maintain，drop，the trend reverses，decline，gain/lose momentum, a steady/ substantial（實(shí)質(zhì)性的）increase，a minor/slight/dramatic drop。,其它圖表式作文的常用句型： The curves show_in a certain year. It can be seen that _ (sth) fluctuates quite substantial

12、ly in this year. It just increases slightly. The pie charts show the changes_in some place in 1999 It can be seen from the chart that the proportions of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot higher/lower than that of the former.,The expansion is more noticeable duri

13、ng the second half of the 8-year period. It falls from 30% of the staff in 1990 to 20% in 1998 and then the trend reverses， finishing at 34% in 2000. And A is higher than B except for the months June to September._drops dramatically from about_in January to_in June. The falling trend levels off from

14、_to_，_(sth) goes all the way up to_and then it begins to drop to.,2010 sample In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing c

15、ountries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.,This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries. The developed countries have a limited numb

16、er of populations, most of whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keep

17、s a large demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service.,As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the number of mobile-phone subscriptions is incre

18、asingly increasing will continue for a while in the future.,Sample 1 What can be clearly seen from the chart above is the proportion of cars sold in domestic market. In general, the figures reveal that the percentage of China-made autos increased from 25 percent in 2008 to nearly 35 percent in 2009,

19、 while Japan-made cars ran in the opposite direction. Notably, the percentage of U.S.-made cars remained at about 15% stably during that period。,What on earth can be learned from this chart? Studying it further, we may find that simple as it appears, what the illustrator actually aim to convey is by

20、 no means simple - home-made autos are becoming increasingly popular among domestic consumers. Indeed, the past couple of years has witnessed an marked rise of the quality of China-made cars. Extensive studies show that cars of foreign brands make up a falling percentage of the market share。,It shou

21、ld be observed, of course, that home-made products will enjoy a much higher proportion in both domestic and overseas market. I am confident that so long as the whole society make substantial and sustainable efforts, our country will surely be better。,Sample 2 The chart reflects changes in domestic m

22、arket share of automobiles of Chinese, Japanese and US brand in 2008 and 2009. As is shown in the chart, the market share of home-made automobile increased from 25% to 33%， almost an increase by 50%. In contrast, the Japanese-made automobile was on the decline from 35% to 25%， a decrease by nearly 5

23、0%. Meanwhile, the USmade automobiles remain stable in the market share。,Several factors may account for the market share change of the chart. The increase in home-made automobile market share is at least closely related to the following three factors. First, in 2009, Chinese government is enhancing

24、 favorable policies to improve domestic automobile production. Meanwhile, we can see that Geely merged with Volvo in 2009, which contributes to the increase of home-made automobile market share. Another obvious evidence we can find is that the poor after-service policy of Japanese automobile toward

25、domestic market, which irritated us Chinese consumers. And the US market policies remain unchanged in this period。,In brief, the trend suggests that as long as we are improving our strategy and service, the home-made automobiles will continue to take a lions share of the auto-market. We look forward

26、 to that day。,1996 Directions: A Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words. B Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) C Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below: 1. Interpret the

27、following pictures. 2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.,Sample 1 About Tobacco Consumption From the above set of pictures, we can see that there were a total of 14.364 billion pounds of tobacco produced in 1994 and 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. Because the amount of

28、tobacco production is falling yearly, it can be predicted that the tendency of tobacco consumption would also be falling yearly.,There are many reasons. Firstly, smoking wastes money. Every year there are two hundred billion dollars “burnt” in the cigarette “fire.” Secondly, smoking would hardly do

29、people any good and it can even cause cancer. Every year there are three million people “buried” in the cigarette “tomb”.,Although tobacco consumption is falling, there are too many people who smoke. The population in the world is 5.8 billion, but about twenty percent of the population, that is to s

30、ay 1.1 billion people, smoke. So the situation is serious and the movement against smoking is still a difficult task.,Sample 2 We meet smokers everywhere: in the streets, on college campuses and in shops. There are 5.8 billion people in the world, and the smokers are about 1.1 billion, which makes u

31、p 20 percent of the worlds total population.,Smoking is very harmful. I think there are two main aspects to the damage. First, smoking consumes a great deal of money. As is shown in the pictorial graph, smiling wastes 200 billion dollars each year in the world. Second, smoking does harm to the healt

32、h of smokers, and it is the main cause of lung cancer. About 3 million people die because of the relevant diseases derived from smoking every year.,Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans, the amount of tobacco consumption is on the decrease. From the following

33、figures we can clearly see the tendency. The total amount of world tobacco production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in 1994, but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries call on people to give up smoking. So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrea

34、se.,1999 76. Directions: A Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words. B Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) C Your essay should cover these three points: 1. effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife 2. possible re

35、ason for the effect 3. your suggestion for wildlife protection,From the two graphs, we can draw a conclusion that the rapid growth of the U.S. population resulted in the sharp decline of the number of species of wildlife. According to the statistics, Americas population of 250 million in 1990 is 250 times that of in 1800. In contrast, about 70 wildlife species vanished from the earth in the past 200 years. In other words, Americas popu