《寫作-詞匯篇》PPT課件.ppt

1、Writing 詞匯篇 如果文章中的詞匯匱乏，文章往往讀起來會(huì)讓人枯燥。另外寫作者如果詞匯量有限，他就不可能準(zhǔn)確到位地傳達(dá)想要表述的意思。 eg 1) Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They are good to metabolism. They are also good to ones self-image. Besides they are also good to mental state: they can reduce feelings of tension, anxiety and depression. Th

2、ey make the weak strong, and the fat slender. Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They help to coordinate metabolism, to enhance self-image, and to reduce feelings of tension, anxiety and depression. They make the weak strong, and the fat slender.,Eg2) Nowadyas advertisements are found

3、everywhere. They smile to us from the television screen, or shout to us from the radio, wave invitingly to us from every page of the newspaper, pluck at our sleeves on the bus and escalator and flash message to us in colored lights all night.,如何避免詞的重復(fù)，使詞匯顯得富有變化呢？ 1、使用語義具體的單詞或詞組 2、使用代詞來避免重復(fù) eg: When

4、the soldiers came in, each was given a card. Can you lend me your watch? I left mine at home. 3、用省略的手段來避免重復(fù) eg: He was for the first proposal, but against the second David won the first English speech contest and Jim the second.,4、用不同的修飾語來弱化重復(fù) 在日常積累單詞的過程中，不僅要留心表述相同意思的表達(dá)方式，還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意某些詞匯的不同修飾語。 eg: Direct

5、 eye contact and firm handshakes during introductions are customary in the United States. In introductions as well as in general conversations, speakers maintain frequent eye contact. Most people become nervous if frequent eye contact turns into staring. When shaking hands, people , shake firmly and

6、 briefly. The expression, “He shakes hands like a dead fish” refers to a limp handshake, s sign in the American culture of a weak character. Prolonged handshaking is not usual. 修飾語不同，句式相應(yīng)也有變化。,詞匯使用原則 1、用詞的準(zhǔn)確性 漢語的詞匯與英語的并非總是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的。 Eg: 1) The living level of the people in China has been greatly raised

7、in recent years. (standard) 2) I forget my keys in the office. (left) 3) The traffic is crowded in some large cities. (heavy),2、用詞的簡(jiǎn)潔性 “Brevity is the soul of wit” -W. Shakespeare Eg: Usually I will read the newspaper very quickly and try to find some interesting stories. (filp) Usually I will flip

8、through the newspaper and try to find some interesting stories. 3、用詞的變化性 “Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentinally for emphasis or for clarity” -J. Hodges,大多數(shù)的：a (vast/overwhelming) majority of, a considerable proportion of 許多：a host o

9、f, a multitude of, a variety of, the bulk of 加快、促進(jìn)發(fā)展： acceletrate /facilitate /advance /enhance /boost /fuel/promote the development/growth of 達(dá)到目標(biāo)：achieve/accomplish/attain the goal ( aim/objective) 提出觀點(diǎn)/建議: advance/put forward/come up with arguments 把成功/錯(cuò)誤歸于：attribute/owe/ascribe the success/failu

10、re to 對(duì)重要：be indispensable/vital to, what really counts/matters 迷戀、十分關(guān)心名利分?jǐn)?shù)：be obsessed/ preoccupied with grades/fame/, score-obsessed, score-conscious 縮小差別：bridge/narrow/fill the gap between,民眾：citizens, dwellers, residents, inhabitants, the mass 開展運(yùn)動(dòng)：conduct/carry on/undertake/initiate/lunch./wage

11、 a (vigorous /nationwide /public /advertising) campaign for/against 思考：consider, reflect, ponder, contemplate 提高社會(huì)地位/生活水平：enhance/ improve/ upgrade social status (ones living standard) 著名的：famous, distinguished, prestigious 對(duì)很好的了解：have a better understanding, have a full appreciation of, have a new

12、perspective on, provide/gain a sharp insight into. 減輕壓力、緊張：reduce/ alleviate/ relieve the stress/tension 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢：waste/ squander/lavish time/money 隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快： with the quickening pace/ rhythm /tempo of modern life,下面再列舉一些常用的用于變化的詞群 Underuse: an army of, an ocean of, a multitude of , a host of Overuse

13、: many Underuse: dreadful, unffavorable, adverse, ill Overuse: bad Underuse: exceedingly, extremely, intensely Overuse: very Underuse: frown on sth Overuse: be against, disagree with Underuse: harbor the idea that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that Ove

14、ruse: think Underuse: sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb Overuse: sb take interest in/ sb be interested in,4、用詞的具體性 一般來說，為了達(dá)到用詞的具體，表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)練生動(dòng)，我們?cè)谶x詞時(shí)盡量選下義詞，避免意義較為籠統(tǒng)的上義詞。,Eg 1): At 50 yards he fell, and I helped him to his feetHe looked like he was going to cry, and said that

15、 he wanted to run with the others. “跑了50碼，他跌倒了，我扶他站了起來.他看起來像要哭了，說他想和大家一起跑。” 下例中使用更加具體的詞，試比較 At 50 yards he stumbled (跌跌撞撞) and fell, and I helped him to his feetHe looked like he began to get teary-eyed（眼淚汪汪）and stammered（結(jié)結(jié)巴巴） that he wanted to run with the others.,Eg 2) : When I was growing up, ai

16、rplanes were my great love. With my parents, I would visit the nearest airport to watch planes take off into the sky. When I was growing up, airplanes were my great love. With my parents, I would visit the nearest airport to watch planes roar off into the sky. take off 只能描繪飛機(jī)起飛的場(chǎng)景，但沒有roar off給人們留下聽覺

17、上的具體震撼。,5、用詞的生動(dòng)性 作者應(yīng)當(dāng)通過用詞，在讀者的腦海里形成有關(guān)事物的具體形象，喚起讀者的聯(lián)想。 Eg: The 1990s found an unprecedent tide of migrant workers flooding into big cities such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. 6、用詞的色彩性 Group 1 He is always careful about spending money. (中性) He is always prudent about spending money.（褒義） He is alw

18、ays stingy about spending money. （貶義） Group 2 He was well known for his practice of speaking without notes. （中性） He was celebrated for his practice of speaking without notes. （褒義） He was well notorious for his practice of speaking without notes. （貶義）,She is tall, slim and very shapely. From the boss

19、 we can see a shrewd man with steadfast belief in his company. Judges should be disinterested in decision-making. She won the speech contest, partly due to her articulate speech. He has a precise and penetrating brain. He is a very possessive man.,描寫人的褒義詞,描寫人的貶義詞,描寫物的褒義詞,描寫物的貶義詞,下面我們?cè)侔凑照Z體對(duì)一些常用詞匯按照色彩

20、進(jìn)行區(qū)別 1）一般來說，本族語屬于中性，外來語較為正式,2）單個(gè)動(dòng)詞比對(duì)應(yīng)短語較為正式,3）抽象名詞短語比對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞正式,4、形容詞短語比對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞正式,寫作的時(shí)候需要根據(jù)題目的要求來選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z氣和用詞。 Eg: Im sending you this letter because I want you to meet with me and give me some info about the job you do. “Want”,“info”都是口語中的常用詞匯，出現(xiàn)在一封求職信中顯得太隨便。 Im writing to inquire about the possibility of a

21、n interview.,亮點(diǎn)詞匯推介： 措辭 Just imagine that you have moved to the countryside. How wonderful to trade traffic jams for winding valley roads, skyscrapers for mountains, neon lights for star-filled nights! 名詞： nuisance 討厭的東西 popularity 名望 deficit 赤字，虧空 surplus 贏余 mass media 新聞媒體 動(dòng)詞：enrich 豐富 reinforce 加

22、強(qiáng) inspire 激勵(lì) attribute 把. . .歸因于 形容詞：qualified 合格的 excessive 過分的 reluctant 不情愿的 favorite 喜歡的，看好的 feasible 可行的 advisable 可取的 essential 必不可少的,副詞：unwisely 不明智地 predictably 果然 unfortunately 遺憾的是 respectively 各自 likewise 同樣地 accordingly 于是 subsequently 這樣一來 consequently 因此，結(jié)果 incidentally (= by the way)

23、順便說一句 連接詞：otherwise 否則，不然 provide (that) 只要 詞組：lay down 制定（法規(guī)） for the time being 暫時(shí) in the long run 從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的觀點(diǎn)看 from time to time 偶爾 resort to 求助于 by and large 一般來說 all in all 總的說來 or rather 更確切地說,1) accessible to With Chinas WTO entry, it is anticipated that the price of a private car will be reduced,

24、 making what was once considered a luxury, accessible to more people. (老百姓也能買得起曾經(jīng)被看成是奢侈品的小汽車)。 2）address the problem: 著手解決問題 分析：多數(shù)學(xué)生用solve the problem 3) alike: 相同地，同樣地 Eg：They also believe firecrackers make festivals and holidays more colorful for adults and children alike.(能使大人和孩子同樣感受到節(jié)日的快樂) 4）all

25、eviate the problem: 緩解問題的嚴(yán)重性 分析：多數(shù)學(xué)生只會(huì)用solve the problem。 5）allow: to make possible, 容許 Eg： These opportunities allow them to make great contributions to society. 分析：多數(shù)學(xué)生僅停留在使用make, let 6) along with: 隨著 Eg： Along with economic development,. 分析：多數(shù)學(xué)生只會(huì)用with the development of .,7）at any cost 無論如何，不惜任

26、何代價(jià) Eg：Because of this belief, they will try to obtain lucky number for things such as a car license plate at any cost. (不惜一切代價(jià)去買有幸運(yùn)數(shù)字的車牌) 分析：多數(shù)同學(xué)唯一選擇相信只有no matter how difficult it is. 8) at ones disposal：供某人支配 9）belongings Eg: Please take care of your belongs.（注意隨身攜帶物品） 分析：不能局限于things, stuff 10) ca

27、ter for/to 滿足.的需求（需要） Eg: There are magazings catering for/to different tastes and interests such as economics, sports. (滿足人們不同品味和興趣) 分析：替換fit , satisfy 11) competitive Eg: Because scholarships are competitive, they are not available to everyone. 12) component: 組成部分，含有必不可少，屬于整體中的有機(jī)部分 Eg: Electronic

28、products are still important components of the export trade. 分析：減少用part.,13) distribution 分布，發(fā)行 Eg: Laws and refulations should be implemented to ban the manufacturing and distribution of fake goods. 我們應(yīng)該設(shè)立規(guī)章制度，禁止生產(chǎn)和銷售假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品。 14）encompass：包含，包括 Eg：1) The love for you parents encompasses respect and

29、rewards 2) The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation. 分析： 學(xué)生習(xí)慣用include。Include 實(shí)際意思指后者完全屬于前者，而encompass指前者并不完全僅僅包含后者，而是涉及眾多方面。 15）fund Eg: Previously in China, a university education was funded by the government. 分析：多數(shù)學(xué)生第一反應(yīng)-pay, support 16) gain access to 成功

30、進(jìn)入某一領(lǐng)域 Eg: Many people are interested in the Internet because they can communicate directly with other people and gain access to world wide information source. （還有機(jī)會(huì)了解世界各地的信息） 分析：學(xué)生一般用get into, enter 17) highlight: 突出 Eg： My management experience served to highlight my deficiencies, particularly in

31、accounting. （我的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)充分顯示了我的不足）,18）jeopardize: 危害 （put. at risk） Eg: Smoking jeopardizes your health. 19) the odds are that: 可能 Eg：The odds are that they really have only the fuzziest idea of what they want to say and are too lazy to work it out. (很可能他們想表達(dá)的是非常模糊的概念) 20）outweigh: (重量和價(jià)值上)超過 Eg： I belie

32、ve the adantages of underground cities outweigh the disadvanteges and building underground cities is a way to solve the problem of overcrowding. (利大于弊) 分析： outweigh是個(gè)很生動(dòng)的詞，表達(dá)的是兩者的比較，完全可以取代.is better than, .is more important than. 21) overindulgence: 過量 Eg: In some cases overindulgence in sweets can

33、lead to poor health. 分析：too much 可以停用了。,22）pertaining to 有關(guān)的 Eg：He published a volume of poems pertaining to the life of Christ. 分析： about , related to可以停用。 23）place/put a strain on 對(duì).造成壓力 Eg： Because natural resources are limited, a growing population places a strain on these rescources. 分析： 學(xué)生多用gi

34、ve pressure, stress 24) prevalnece 流行 Eg: The prevalence of fake commodities is a problem in our society. (假貨充斥市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)的一個(gè)問題。) 分析： 學(xué)生用be popular, popularity. 25) strain 加大難度，增加困難 Eg: The increased costs will certainlu strain our finance,26) undermine 破壞 Eg: People sell fake commodities to make a qui

35、ck profit which undermines the economy and fake goods can also be dangerous to peoples health. (破壞了經(jīng)濟(jì)) 分析：學(xué)生較多用destory, do harm to , be bad for 27) (ideas/notions/conception) underlie ones attitude/viewpoint 觀點(diǎn)、概念構(gòu)成了.基礎(chǔ) 28）versatility: 多種功能 Eg：The popularity of computers lies in its versatility such

36、 as typing, editing, playing CDs and VCDs, programming, and storing information. (電腦之所以被廣泛應(yīng)用是因?yàn)槠涔δ芏鄻印?,句型演練參考答案 1、vary greatly 2、differ widely 3、acute problems, arisen 4、upgrades the image and status 5、impair our health 6、remove prejudice and hostility 7、Indulgence, kills creativity 8、Overindulgence in , leads to obesity and myopia 9、side with 10、identify their career interests and goals 11、A coeducational school 12、display their versatile talents 13、have easy access to 14、Legislative re