自考高英上課件Lesson 4 die as you choose.ppt

1、高級英語（上）Advanced English (Book A),Lesson 4,Die as You Choose,生死由你,SESSION ONE: PREVIEW,arguably 可爭辯的，按理的 + able 可 if sth has a reason for it , that means it is arguable atrocity: outrage; terrible, cruel and violent acts, esp. in a war 暴行 atrocity 經(jīng)常pl， Nazi medical atrocities atrocious 殘暴的；糟糕的,Blame

2、less: doing no wrong, free from responsibility for doing sth bad 無過錯的，無指責(zé)的。 culpable: responsible and deserving blame 應(yīng)受譴責(zé)的，難辭其咎的 The accident was the result of a culpable failure to consider the risks involved. 這場事故是沒有考慮到有關(guān)風(fēng)險引起的，應(yīng)該追究責(zé)任。,gruesome(line3) ：very unpleasant and filling you with horror,

3、usually because it is connected with death or injury. 令人厭惡的，可怕的，恐怖的,Intrude on/into/upon To go or be somewhere you are not wanted or are not supposed to be 闖入；to disturb sth 侵擾，擾亂 The Qing governments after 1840 were corrupt and weak, and Japan seized the opportunity to intrude into China. Invade 非法

4、入侵者 illegal intruder invader,languish : 1) to be forced to stay somewhere, and suffer sth unpleasant for a long time 被迫滯留 長期受苦 受煎熬 languish in prison/ in his dull job 由于坐牢/工作乏味而萎靡不振,living will A living will is a legal document that a person uses to make known his or her wishes regarding life prolon

5、ging medical treatments libertarian A proponent of libertarianism, a political philosophy that upholds individual liberty, especially freedom of expression and action ; A member of a libertarian political party,Macabre: unpleasant and strange because connected with death and frightening things. 可怕的，

6、恐怖的。 monstrosity Monster 怪獸 ogre Monstrous 丑惡的，丑陋的，駭人的 Monstrosity 巨大而丑陋之物/事情,Polemical argumentative, disputatious polemic論戰(zhàn)（c.) involving strong arguments for or against sth. Often in opposition to the opinion of others. Polemicist 善辯者,支持 VS 反對,proponent opponent 支持：sustain, support, back, stand b

7、y, back sb up, 反對： oppose, be against, object(objection-sustained, overruled), be opposed, fight/struggle/go against, take a stand against (stand against),Squeamishness refer to either a mild feeling of nausea or the quality of being easily disgusted or upset. May also cause feeling faint or general

8、 uneasiness. Squeamish neurotic psychotic 易心煩意亂的，神經(jīng)質(zhì)的， 神經(jīng)脆弱的 -ish: 似的，有點兒的 -ly:像的 childish , girlish , mannish , boyish, reddish womanly , motherly ， sisterly, brotherly, Taboo ; tatoo a cultural or religious custom that does not allow people to do 禁忌，戒律; a general agreement not to do sth or talk ab

9、out sth 避諱 “Death” is one of the great taboos in your culture.,tenacious = persistent, insistent, dogged, stubborn, obstinate, strong-willed, belief/tradition 牢固的傳統(tǒng)，堅定不移的信念 With tenacity,Terminal adj. Can not be cured and will lead to death 晚期的，不治的，致命的 terminal lung cancer 晚期肺癌 airport/bus/train ter

10、minal 航空終點站/汽車終點站/鐵路終點站,throes (line 3): violent pains, especially at the moment of death (尤指死亡時的)劇痛,(總是以復(fù)數(shù)的形式出現(xiàn)）, 陣痛（child delivery）， in death throes 處于臨終痛苦,usher 引座員 The girl ushered me along the aisle to my seat. 引座小姐領(lǐng)我沿著通道到我的座位。 usher in: to be the beginning of sth new, or to make sth new begin

11、開創(chuàng)，開始，開啟，帶來 usher in a new age of prosperity 走進了一個繁榮的新時代,withhold: to refuse to give sth to sb 拒絕給某物；抑制 She was accused of withholding information from the police. 她被指控對警方知情不報。 withhold the payment,1. dodge: 1)avoid , evade or elude He was accused of dodging his taxes. 他被指控逃稅。 2)move aside suddenly

12、I dodged out of the way when he threw a chair at me. 他將椅子向我扔來的時候,我急忙閃開。,Text Analysis,to come to light: to be discovered or revealed On investigation some new facts came to light. 一經(jīng)調(diào)查,一些新的事實就被暴露了。 It has now come to light that he was financially backed by some interest group. 人們剛剛得知,他受到了某個利益集團的經(jīng)濟支持

13、。 Bring to light 揭示 顯露 We hope the investigator will bring to light more facts about this murder.,Which of these countries has a mercy-killing doctor now languishing in its jails？It is the small one， Holland， which has rules for euthanasia and so can police it effectively. （which 指？）The Dutch doctor

14、 broke his countrys rules. 在上述哪個國家有醫(yī)生因為實施安樂死而在監(jiān)獄里服刑呢？是在小國荷蘭。荷蘭制定了有關(guān)安樂死的法律，能有效地管理它。那位荷蘭的醫(yī)生違反了他國家的規(guī)定。,There is a moral here for all the countries， and not just for the big death-forbidding country， America. Right now it is going over the arguments about euthanasia once again. （moral about what？ Death-

15、forbidding 只是禁止死亡嗎？It 指的是？） 這里涉及到的（有關(guān)安樂死的）道德問題在所有國家都存在，決不僅只針對美國這個禁止安樂死的大國。目前美國正再次展開有關(guān)安樂死的辯論。,6. bizarre : weird （adj.) unusual in appearance, style , or characters 外貌,風(fēng)格或性格怪異 his bizarre behavior 他古怪的行為 Bizarrely dressed 穿著奇裝異服,7. at her own request =at the request of sb 應(yīng)她本人的要求 他按照經(jīng)歷的請求到了那里。 He was

16、 there at the request of his manager/at his managers request. 8. vote on: 就.進行表決 Lets vote on this issue, since we cant agree. 既然我們不能達成一致意見,就來投票表決吧。,Rumble on 1. Thunder is rumbling in the distance. 2. rumble on : ( an argument or a dispute, to continue slowly and steadily for a long time) 緩慢而長久地持續(xù)

17、Discussions rumble on over the siting of the new airport. 關(guān)于新機場的選址問題，討論起來沒完沒了。, On purpose =deliberately Im sorry, I didnt do it on purpose. 對不起，我不是存心這么做的。 Taboo ; a cultural or religious custom that does not allow people to do 禁忌，戒律; a general agreement not to do sth or talk about sth 避諱 “Death” is

18、 one of the great taboos in your culture. syringe: a plastic or glass tube for injection 皮下注射器,Most say they know somebody else who does. But because they can rarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients even when those patients beg them for it doctors tend to kill only when the dying are too far

19、gone to consent. ( 如何理解 be too far gone to consent) sb is gone 多數(shù)醫(yī)生說他們知道其他醫(yī)生也有同樣的行為。但是因為醫(yī)生也幾乎不能與病人公開討論安樂死-即使在病人乞求他們的時候所以醫(yī)生往往傾向于僅在要死的人處于垂危昏迷之際而無法表達是否同意安樂死時，才結(jié)束其生命。,Questions for discussion : How do you understand “voluntary euthanasia”? And “involuntary euthanasia”? According to the authors opinion,

20、which of the above is more humane ? Does the author accept voluntary euthanasia or not ? Where can you find proof?,the Almighty: Thank Almighty, we are free at last! A mighty warrior 強而有力的，威猛的 A pen can be mightier than a sword,12. prosecution (line 6) prosecute ：officially charge sb 控告 ( sb for sth

21、/doing sth) charge sb with sth accuse sb of sth/doing v violate violation violent The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Regulation. 這家公司被控違反衛(wèi)生安全條例,12. controversial controversy : 爭議 a controversial figure 有爭議的人物。 hold out (the last line) : continue to last, 堅持,挺住. The rebels

22、 hold out in the mountains for several years. Mountainous area 反叛分子在山區(qū)頑抗了幾年。,How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out？ forms of euthanasia passive euthanasia -a patient doesnt want his life prolonged; letting patients die, do not save patients active euthanasia a patient

23、s want to die, kill him ( Para 4),Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts. Omission, negligence 疏忽 不作為 ignorance, Culpable negligence 重大疏忽,Stand to do sth To be in a situation where you are likely to do sth; is likely to 可能做某事 stand to gain 處于有利地位. You stand to ma

24、ke/gain a lot from this deal. 你很可能會從這筆生意中大賺一筆。,Strike,V. 敲擊，打擊，撞擊 He was struck by a heavy blow. 突然發(fā)生 A powerful earthquake struck the Italian island of Sicily early this morning. 給印象，讓覺得 It struck me as stupid at first. N. 打擊， 罷工, 突然襲擊 Staff at the hospital went on strike in protest at the irrespon

25、sible doctor. Air strike, nuclear strike,withhold: to refuse to give sth to sb 拒絕給某物；抑制 She was accused of withholding information from the police. 她被指控對警方知情不報。 administer ： to apply as a remedy administer laws 執(zhí)行法律 The doctor administered some medicine to the girl. prescribe prescription Diagnose d

26、iagnosis,Suppose to take an example from the moral philosophy books that a man stands to gain from the death of a certain child. The child strikes his head in the bath and falls unconscious. The man sits down and watches him drown. The fact that the man has performed no action does not excuse him.（

27、把the fact放到后面翻譯） 讓我們從道德倫理著作中舉例說明。假定一個人會從某個孩子的死亡中獲益，當(dāng)這個孩子在浴缸中撞傷頭部而失去知覺時，那個人坐視不管，任其溺水身亡。 雖然這個人什么都沒有做，但這不能使他因此逃避罪責(zé)。,Similarly， suppose that a doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment in order that death should come sooner rather than later. Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enoug

28、h painkillers to kill？ (passive euthanasia vs active euthanasia, 在病人的要求之下; should表示對將來的虛擬) Does the fact that the doctor performed an action， rather than an omission， condemn him？ 類似地，再假設(shè)，假設(shè)醫(yī)生停止某種治療措施，以期病人更早地而不是更遲地死去，他沒有做錯什么。那么，如果這位醫(yī)生使用足夠的鎮(zhèn)痛劑讓那位病人死去，他就一定大錯特錯嗎？ 這位醫(yī)生采取了某種作為，而不是不作為，這會使他有罪嗎？,西方醫(yī)學(xué)之父Fathe

29、r of Western Medicine,Hippocrates 希波克拉底 ancient Greek physician four humors： blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile 體液學(xué)說：血液、粘液、黃膽、黑膽,Hippocratic Oath,The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by doctors swearing to practice medicine ethically. It is widely believed to have been written by H

30、ippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine, in Ionic Greek (late 5th century BCE),1 or by one of his students,2 and is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus.,I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect., rule out Ru

31、le sb/sth out (as adj) 認為而把sb/sth排除之外； 認為而覺得sb/sth 不合適 The proposed plan was ruled out as too expensive. 建議的解決方案被認為花錢太多而遭否決。 We cant rule out the possibility of his quitting the new job. 我們無法排除他辭掉新的工作的可能性。 Let your heart rule your head 感情用事,There is nothing new in this view. When Hippocrates formula

32、ted his oath for doctors， which explicitly rules out active killing， most other Greek doctors and thinkers disagreed with his ban. 這個觀點并不新穎。當(dāng)希波克拉底為醫(yī)生制定信條的時候，曾明確禁止安樂死，而多數(shù)其他希臘醫(yī)生和思想家都不贊成這一禁令。 Let the past be a guide. 前事不忘，后事之師。,agree with 同意，和意見一致 agree on 對取得一致意見 agree in 在方面意見一致；在相同 agree about 對有相同的

33、看法；就取得一致意見 agree upon 對取得一致意見,Embrace 1. hug They embraced and swept and promised to keep in touch 2. to accept an idea, a proposal , a set of beliefs, etc, when it is done with enthusiasm democracy/feminism 3. include The talks embraced a wide range of issues.,14. comply with : to obey a rule/order

34、 遵守(意愿,要求或條 件等). Abide by . Follow, obey the rules /the demands/ the law/ the requests. in compliance with According to in accordance with 15. prescribe 1. to tell sb to take particular medicine 2. ( a person or an organization with authority ) to say that what should be done and how sth should be d

35、one 指定， 規(guī)定 ，命令 The prescribed textbook,15. pose danger to/for sth/sb 給.造成危險 Pose: cause sth. to exist 引起；產(chǎn)生；造成（威脅、問題等） pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 構(gòu)成威脅/挑戰(zhàn)/危險/風(fēng)險 Give rise to Bring about,Precedent antecedent -descedent 范例；先例，前例 set a precedent for sth 為提供了范例 There is no precedent for a disast

36、er of this scale. 這種規(guī)模的空難的空前的。 precede unprecedented 史無前例的 Heroic 英雄般的，英勇的 Heroically 英雄般地 Historic historically historical Hero heroin heroine,Another worry is that a legal framework for euthanasia， permitting a doctor to comply with a dying mans request in a prescribed set of circumstances， might

37、pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing. 另一個擔(dān)憂是 ,這種安樂死的法律框架(體系),允許一個醫(yī)生在一套規(guī)定的限制下順從一個垂死病人的要求, 也許會給謀殺開了先例,從而對社會造成危害.,It is probably no coincidence that it was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted pressure to join in the Nazi medical atrocities that have given euthanasia its wo

38、rst name. 當(dāng)年就是荷蘭醫(yī)生們英勇無比地頂住了壓力，拒絕參與納粹進行的令安樂死聲名狼藉的（人體）醫(yī)學(xué)實驗，這恐怕不是巧合。,The same tenacious respect for individual liberty that stopped them killing healthy people， who did not want to die， now lets them help dying people who do. 這些醫(yī)生對個人自由堅定不移的尊重使他們沒有殺害渴望活下去的健康人。今天正是同樣的精神又使他們?nèi)椭辉富钕氯サ拇刮２∪恕?libertarian: a p

39、erson who strongly believe that people should have the freedom to do and think as they like 自由論者 liberate V. 解放 liberty N. 自由 a liberated woman 不受傳統(tǒng)思想羈絆的女性 liberation PLA,Opposition is too fierce， because of the shadow of the past. Countries with an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have le

40、ss to fear from setting some limited rules for voluntary euthanasia. By refusing to discuss it, they usher in something worse. 由于歷史的陰影,反對(安樂死)的力量異常強大。而在那些近年來有著持續(xù)的自由主義傳統(tǒng)的國家，在為自愿安樂死制定有限的規(guī)定時，則擔(dān)憂會比較少。 拒絕討論這個問題，則會使他們走進更糟糕的境地。,In January the Journal of the American Medical Association published a bizarre

41、letter, in which an anonymous doctor claimed to have killed a 20-year-old cancer patient at her own request. This started a debate that will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia. The letter was probably written for polemical impact. It is scar

42、cely credible. Its author claims that he met the cancer patient for the first time, heard five words from her “Lets get this over with” then killer her. A. credible B. Journal E. on C. with D. at F. anonymous,Yet medical monstrosities that are hardly any better undoubtedly continue, almost as a matt

43、er of macabre routine, in America, Britain and many other countries. It is disturbingly easy to find doctors who will say, in private, that they sometimes kill patients on purpose. Most say that know somebody else who does. But because they can rarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients even whe

44、n those patients beg them for it doctors tend to kill only when the dying are too far gone to consent. Thus, because voluntary euthanasia is taboo , a doctor makes the decision himself and the patient is killed involuntarily in the night with a syringe. : A. involuntarily B. on E. routine C. consent

45、 D. monstrosities F. for,Because many people accept that it is sad, undignified and gruesome to prolong the throes of death will all the might of medical technology, passive euthanasia letting patients die is widely accepted. Most American states have “l(fā)iving will” legislation that protects doctors

46、from prosecution if they do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life prolonged. Active euthanasia killing remains controversial. How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out? : A. throes B. prosecution E. distinction C. controversial D. undignified F. legis

47、lation,Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts. Suppose to take an example from the moral philosophy books that a man stands to gain from the death of a certain child. The child strikes his head in the bath and falls unconscious. The man sits down and watches him

48、drown. The fact that the man has performed no action does not excuse him. Similarly, suppose that a doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment in order that death should come sooner rather than later. Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enough painkillers to kill? : A. administer

49、B. perform E. omissions C. strikes D. withholding F. does,Many doctors working on the battlefield of terminal suffering think that only squeamishness demands a firm difference between passive and active euthanasia on request. Their argument for killing goes like this: one of a doctors duties is to p

50、revent suffering; sometimes that is all there is left for him to do, and killing is the only way to do it. There is nothing new in this view. When Hippocrates formulated his oath for doctors, which explicitly rules out active killing, most other Greek doctors and thinkers disagreed with his ban. Let

51、 the past be a guide. . A. formulated B. be E. for C. battlefield D. demand F. explicitly,Some people believe that the time of death is appointed by God and that no man should put the clock back on another. Yet if a patients philosophical views embrace euthanasia, it is not clear why the religious o

52、bjections of others should intrude on his death. Another worry is that a legal framework for euthanasia, permitting a doctor to comply with a dying mans request in a prescribed set of circumstances, might pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing. A. embrace B. setting E. prescribe

53、d C. appointed D. intrude F. comply,West Germany, by contrast, will not be able to legalize any form of euthanasia for a long time to come. Opposition is too fierce, because of the shadow of the past. Countries with an uninterrupted recent libertarian tradition have less to fear from setting some li

54、mited rules for voluntary euthanasia. By refusing to discuss it, they usher in something worse. . A. usher B. fierce E. by C. uninterrupted D. from,Review,This article is about the legalization of euthanasia. Euthanasia is a problem having been discussed for a long time. There are two different atti

55、tudes about it at present. Holland accepted euthanasia and openly practiced it a few thousand times each year; America condemned it. Euthanasia is divided into two kinds - -the active and the passive. The first one is that doctors administers enough painkillers to kill, and the latter one is that do

56、ctors don t give medical treatment and let the patient die. Passive euthanasia is accepted by many countries. But if euthanasia is legalized, it will be used by many people to murder. The authors idea is to let patients die as they choose.,1. come to light: 顯露，揭露 2. on request= at the request of sb

57、3. pose danger to/for sth 構(gòu)成危險 4. on purpose: 并非偶然地，故意地 5. hold out: last, remain; resist an attack 6. rule out: exclude as irrelevant, ineligible 7. comply (with): 按要求做；聽從 8. pose dangers to 帶來危險 9. usher in: 開創(chuàng)； 引導(dǎo),Exercise c,1 dodged statesman politician 2 intrude 3 withhold 4 ushered 5 legalize

58、6 precedent 7 credible 8 arguable,Exercise D,1. He _ left and right as the gunman opened fire. A. dodged B. evaded (2005,10,47) evade 逃避（尤其指法律或道德上的責(zé)任） dodge 逃避；閃開，躲開 He was accused of dodging his taxes.,Exercise D,2. They speakers last few words were (drowned out, stopped) by the audiences thunderou

59、s applauses. Drown out: if a loud noise drowns out another sound, it prevents it from being heard Stop: prevent, not continue,Exercise D,3. 27. Would I be (intruding, invading) if I joined in your discussion? Intrude: to interrupt someone or become involved in his or her private affairs in an annoying and unwanted way Invade: to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to ta