初中英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞講解.doc

初中英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞講解 一 形容詞 （一）定義 用來(lái)描寫(xiě)或修飾名詞或代詞說(shuō)明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)。 （二）形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1. 做定語(yǔ)。e.g. This is an old house. 2. 做表語(yǔ)。e.g. I am sorry to hear that. 3. 做賓語(yǔ)不足語(yǔ)。e.g. She made her mother angry. 4. 形容詞在句中的位置。 形容詞做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)要放在復(fù)合不定代詞之后。e.g. She is a clever girl. I saw something white in the water. 形容詞修飾帶有表量度的詞或者詞組時(shí)定語(yǔ)后置。 e.g. The bridge is one hundred meters long . 5. 某些形容詞前加上定冠詞the,可以代表一類人或東西可以用作主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)等。做主語(yǔ)時(shí)當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待。e.g. The old are well looked after. We all love the beautiful. 二 副詞 （一）定義 用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞形容詞其他副詞以及全。 （二）用法 1. 作狀語(yǔ)。e.g. They work hard .(副詞修飾動(dòng)詞 They are quite right .副詞修飾形容詞 He park the car very easily .副詞修飾副詞 Unfortunately,he was out.副詞修飾整個(gè)句子 2.作定語(yǔ) 時(shí)間副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞可以做后置定語(yǔ)。e.g. The students here are all from Hubei. 3.作表語(yǔ)。 e.g. What is on this evening?(今晚上演什么節(jié)目。 4.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。e.g. Dont let him in. 副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類1) 時(shí)間副詞時(shí)間副詞通常用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間。常見(jiàn)的時(shí)間副詞有：now today, tomorrow, yesterdaybefore, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing.2) 地點(diǎn)副詞地點(diǎn)副詞通常用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。常見(jiàn)的地點(diǎn)副詞有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3) 方式副詞方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的?”這類問(wèn)題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個(gè)形容詞加詞尾-ly構(gòu)成的, 有少數(shù)方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly, 它們與形容詞同形。常見(jiàn)的方式副詞有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4) 程度副詞程度副詞多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數(shù)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的程度副詞有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5) 疑問(wèn)副詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句的副詞。常見(jiàn)的疑問(wèn)副詞有：how, when, where, why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?（三） 副詞在句中的位置1) 多數(shù)副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如果動(dòng)詞帶有賓語(yǔ)，則放在賓語(yǔ)之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2) 頻度副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在行為動(dòng)詞之前，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和be動(dòng)詞之后。例如：He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.4) 程度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面, 但enough作副詞用時(shí)，通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.5) 副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.（四） 部分常用副詞的用法1) very, much這兩個(gè)副詞都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very 用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)，而much用來(lái)修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much 可以修飾動(dòng)詞，而very則不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either 這兩個(gè)副詞都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3) already, yetalready一般用于語(yǔ)肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如： He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒裝句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如： My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I. 三 形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí) 在英語(yǔ)中形容詞和副詞有原級(jí)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)之分。原級(jí)就是它們的原形比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化 1. 規(guī)則變化 （一） 單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞 (1) 一般在詞尾加er,est. hard-harder-hardest great-greater-greatest (2) 以字母e結(jié)尾的加r,st. nice-nicer-nicest able-abler-ablest (3) 重讀閉音節(jié)中末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再加er,est. big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fatter red-redder-reddest thin-thinner-thinnest hot-hotter-hottest wet-wetter-wettest （二） 多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞,在其前加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí),加most構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。 polite-more polite-most polite exciting-more exciting-most exciting interesting-more interesting-most imnteresting carefully-more carefully-most carefully quickly-more quickly-most quickly happily-more happily-most happily （三） 表示“較不-”和“最不-”時(shí)可用less和least. difficult-less difficult-least difficult interesting-less interesting-least interesting 2.不規(guī)則變化 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good better best well better best bad/ill worse worst badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest 形容詞和副詞級(jí)的用法 原級(jí): (1)原級(jí)的基本用法 句型: 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+as+原級(jí)+as+比較對(duì)象 (前者與后者一樣.) 主語(yǔ)+.not+as/so+原級(jí)+as+比較對(duì)象 (前者不如后者那么.) The coat is as old as that one . The weather in Beijing is not as/so hot as that in Shanghai . (2)原級(jí)的特殊用法 1)表示是.的幾倍. 句型: .times +as +原級(jí) + as . This house is three times as largeas that one . He can run five three times as fast as his brother. 3)表示盡可能. 句型: .as + 原級(jí) + as possible/one can. We should get up as early as possible/we can.比較級(jí)：1) 兩者人或事物的比較時(shí)(不一定每一方只有一個(gè)人或一個(gè)事物)，用比較級(jí)。在“比較級(jí)+than ” 的句型中，當(dāng)than 前后所使用的動(dòng)詞相同時(shí)，通常用助動(dòng)詞代替后面的動(dòng)詞。（該動(dòng)詞或助詞也可以省略）。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.2）The+形容詞比較級(jí)., the+形容詞比較級(jí). 表示 越. 就越.。The more you study, the more you know.3） 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) , 表示 越來(lái)越. 。Its getting hotter and hotter.4） the + 形容詞 表示某種人。He always helps the poor.形容詞和副詞最高級(jí)：用于三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較，其中有一個(gè)在某方面超過(guò)其他幾個(gè)。形容詞最高級(jí)的前面一般要定冠詞the ,后面可以帶of / in 介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明比較的范圍。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 注：1. 在形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)前， 有時(shí)可以用much ,far,a lot ,a little 等來(lái)修飾 e.g . much better , a liite more interesting2. 比較級(jí)通常和than連用，而最高級(jí)通常跟有定冠詞the;同級(jí)比較一般用asas表示“與一樣”，這時(shí)誰(shuí)強(qiáng)誰(shuí)弱不能比較出來(lái)，而notsoas則表示后者比前者強(qiáng)，翻譯為“不如”。形容詞和副詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí)( ) 1. This box is_ that one. A.heavy than B. so heavy than C. heavier as D. as heavy as( ) 2 When we speak to people, we should be . A. as polite as possible B. as polite as possibly C. as politely as possible D. as politely as possibly ( ) 3 This book is_ that one, but_ than that one. A. as difficult as; expensive B. as more difficult as; more expensive C. as difficult as; more expensive D. more difficult as; as expensive( ) 4 I think the story is not so _ as that one. A. interesting B. interested C. more interesting D. most interesting ( ) 5 His father began to work_ he was seven years old. A. as old as B. as early as C. since D. while ( ) 6 I think science is _ than Japanese. A. much important B. important C. much more important D. more much important ( ) 7 This pencil is_ than that one. A. longest B. long C. longer D. as long ( ) 8 Do you have _ to tell us? A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything( ) 9 These children are _ this year than they were last year. A. more tall B. more taller C. very taller D. much taller ( ) 10 It was very hot yesterday, but it is_ today. A. even hotter B. more hotter C. much more hot D. much hot ( ) 11 Mrs Black has got_ instead of getting any better. A. more bad B. a little worse C. much badly D. a lot of worse ( ) 12 When we arrived, we found the meeting room crowded with_ students. A. quite a few B. only a few C. few D. a few quite ( ) 13 The house is small for a family of six. A. much too B. too much C. very much D.so ( ) 14 Through the window we can see nothing but _ buildings. A. tall very many B. very many tall C. very tall many D. many very tall ( ) 15 -Whats your brother like? -He is_. A. a driver B. very tall C. my friend D. at school ( ) 16 The jacket was so_ that he decided to buy it. A. much B. little C. expensive D. cheap ( ) 17 Our classroom is_ larger than theirs. A. more B. quite C. very D. much ( ) 18 The earth is about_ as the moon. A. as fifty time big B. fifty times as big C. as big fifty times D. fifty as times big ( ) 19 Your room is mine. A. twice as large than B. twice the size of C. bigger twice than D. as twice large as ( ) 20 Your room is _ than mine. A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times ( ) 21 His father is_than his mother. A. older four years B. as four years older C. four years older D. bigger four years ( ) 22 Maths is more popular than_. A. any other subject B. all the subjects C. any subject D. other subject ( ) 23 China is larger than _ in Africa. A. any other country B. other countries C. the other country D. any country ( ) 24 Tom is stronger than _ in his class. A. any other boy B. any boys C. any boy D. other boy( ) 25 When spring comes, it gets_. A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter ( ) 26 By and by, _ students in our class came to like English. A. more and more B. much and much C. many and many D. less and least ( ) 27 At last he began to cry _. A. hard and hard B. more hard and more hard C. harder and harder D. less hard and less harder ( ) 28 When spring comes the days get _ and nights _. A. short; long B. long; short C. longer; shorter D. shorter; longe( ) 29. _ I look at the picture, _ I like it. A. The best; the more B. The more; the less C. The more; less D. More; the more ( ) 30 _ he read the book, _ he got in it. A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested ( ) 31 _ you come back, _ it will be. A, The quicker; the best B. The sooner; the better C. Faster; the better D. The sooner; better ( ) 32 I like_ one of the two books. A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older ( ) 33 Which is_country, China or Japan? A. the large B. the larger C. larger D. largest ( ) 34 Of the two cups, he bought . A. the smaller B. the smallest C. small D: smaller ( ) 35 Which do you like _, tea or coffee? A. well B. better C. best D. most ( ) 36 This work is _ for me than for you.A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult ( ) 37 Which do you think tastes _, the chicken or the fish? A.good B. better C. best D. well （ ）38 Im not _ to lift the heavy box. A. short enough B. enough tall C. health enough D. strong enough( ) 39 Dont you think it _ not to write the letter? A. well B. better C. best D. good ( ) 40 Who jumped_of all? A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far ( ) 41 Li Lei is_ student in our class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest ( ) 42 The fifth orange is_ of all. Give it to that small child. A. big B. bigger C. the bigger D. the biggest ( ) 43 Who is of you three? A. the oldest B. much older C. oldest D. older ( ) 44 Tom is one of _ boys in our class. A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall ( ) 45 English is one of_ spoken in the world. A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language ( ) 46 Beijing is one of_ in China. A. the largest city B. the large cities C. the larger cities D. the largest cities ( ) 47 Which is_interesting, science, maths or English? A. more B. the most C. very D. too( ) 48 _ like playing football and watching TV. A. Most boys B. Most of they C. Most boy D. More of they ( ) 49 _ are watering the flowers here. A. Some B. Some of the boys C. Some boy D. Some of boys ( ) 50 _ havent been to American. A. Most them B. Most they C. More of them D. Most of them數(shù) 詞數(shù)詞就是表示事物的數(shù)量和順序的詞，分基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。一.基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量多少的詞是基數(shù)詞，如：one, two, three等。構(gòu)成方法如下：1）從112分別由從one到twelve12個(gè)各不相同的詞表示。2）從1319均以后綴-teen結(jié)尾。3）從2090的整十?dāng)?shù)詞均以后綴-ty結(jié)尾。表示“幾十幾”時(shí)，個(gè)位和十位之間需加連字符，如twenty-one, thirty-two, forty-three等。4）數(shù)字的寫(xiě)法和讀法：十位與個(gè)位之間要加連字符“-”； 百位和十位之間要加and； 三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)，從個(gè)位往前數(shù)，每三位數(shù)加一個(gè)逗號(hào)“，”，從后往前數(shù)的第一個(gè)逗號(hào)代表thousand,第二個(gè)逗號(hào)代表million,第三個(gè)逗號(hào)是billion，注意這幾個(gè)詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，后也不能加and。 5）表示具體、準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)目時(shí)，hundred, thousand, million等數(shù)詞后不能加-s, 如five hundred, six thousand, seven million等。6）當(dāng)hundred, thousand等數(shù)詞與of連用，表示不具體、不準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)目時(shí)，詞尾須加-s。如： thousands of students, millions of trees.二.序數(shù)詞1）不規(guī)則變化2）以-ty結(jié)尾的表示“幾十”的基數(shù)詞，先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-eth 3）表示“第幾十幾”時(shí)，十位數(shù)的“幾十”仍用基數(shù)詞，只把個(gè)位部分變成序數(shù)詞就行了。 4）除上述情況外，均在詞尾加-th，如ten tenth one hundred one hundredth三. 數(shù)詞的用法（一）表示事物的編號(hào)基數(shù)詞放到名詞的后邊,該名詞一般要大寫(xiě)；序數(shù)詞放到名詞的前面，加定冠詞。第一課 Lesson 1/ the first lesson. Row 3/ the third row（二）年、日、時(shí)刻表達(dá)方法?！澳辍庇没鶖?shù)詞，“日”用序數(shù)詞，前要加定冠詞。讀的順序是月日年。如：1999年5月2日讀作：May the second, nineteen ninety。注：“時(shí)刻”用基數(shù)詞表達(dá)，同時(shí)要注意以下兩點(diǎn)。1.表示“整點(diǎn)”時(shí)，在基數(shù)詞后加oclock; 9:00 oclock.2.分鐘小于或等于30分鐘的，用“分鐘數(shù)past鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”形式；分鐘數(shù)大于30分鐘的，用“到下一個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)所差的分鐘數(shù)to下一個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”形式,也可以依次讀鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)和分鐘數(shù)。 7:20 twenty past seven或seven twenty.3.注意兩個(gè)特殊的表示時(shí)間的單位詞：30分鐘用half，15分鐘用a quarter，如： 6:30 讀作：half past six 5:45 讀作：a quarter to six 6:15 讀作：a quarter past six（三）分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)方法表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)，分母用序數(shù)，分子大于1，分母用復(fù)數(shù)。分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞時(shí)，后用of短語(yǔ)。如：1/3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys1/2, 1/4分別用 a half和a quarter表示。（四）“基數(shù)詞名詞形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)“基數(shù)詞名詞形容詞”只能用來(lái)放到名詞前作定語(yǔ)。如：She is a 3-year-old girl.They live in a 7-storey-high building.注：這種結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)，同時(shí)只能作定語(yǔ)。用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不用連字符，名詞有復(fù)數(shù)。如：Tony is 10 years old this year.Tony is a 10-year-old boy.1. Dick, it is the _ time in _ days that youve made the same mistake.A. two, three B. second, three C. two, thirdD. second, third 解題技巧 以此立意的試題要求考生能正確使用基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞用來(lái)表達(dá)事物的量；序數(shù)詞用來(lái)表達(dá)事物的順序。 本題的第一空表示順序用序數(shù)詞second；第二空用基數(shù)詞three，答案為B。2. It is said that the gravity(引力) on Mars is only about _ of the gravity on earth.A. threeeighthsB. thirdeighthC. threeeightsD. thirdeight解題技巧 以此立意的試題考查考生能否正確使用分?jǐn)?shù)：分子在前用基數(shù)，分母在后用序數(shù)。分子大于一，分母用復(fù)數(shù)，分子與分母之間可以用連字符連起來(lái)也可以不用連字符，如two thirds或two-thirds；當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，后要跟of，如：two thirds of students 三分之二的學(xué)生本題的選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)正確。3. How many people will come to Beijing next year?Its hard to say, _ people, I think.A. million ofB. millions of C. three millions D. three millions of 解題技巧 以此立意的試題考查考生能否正確使用hundred等單位數(shù)詞。表示單位的數(shù)詞用法分兩種情況：1）當(dāng)放在具體的數(shù)字后邊，表示具體的“百、千、百萬(wàn)、十億”時(shí)，不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式，可以直接修飾名詞復(fù)數(shù)，如two thousand students；2）當(dāng)表示大概的“幾百、幾千、幾百萬(wàn)、幾十億”時(shí)，用“復(fù)數(shù)形式of”結(jié)構(gòu)，前邊不能用具體的數(shù)字，如：thousands of students。本題中只有B項(xiàng)正確。數(shù)詞專練一、將下列數(shù)字寫(xiě)成英語(yǔ)： 1. 625 2 8,961 3. 10,000 4. 20,405 5. 1/3 6. 5/6 7. 65 8. 1.25 二、選擇填空。 （ ）1March is _month of a year A a three B the third C a third （ ）2We will have a meeting at 8:05_ Afive to eight Beight five Ceight o five （ ）3Eight plus eight is_. Asixteen Bsixty-four Cone （ ）4He is an _boy Aeight years Beight-year-old Ceight-years-old （ ）5We will have a_ walk Aten minutes Bten minutes Cten-minutes（ ）6The wall is_. Afour meters long Bfour meter long Cfour-meter long （ ）7Whats the date today? Its_ AMarch the eight BMarch eighth Ceight，March （ ）8It happened in the 1040s A in the forties of the eleventh century B in the forties of the tenth century C in the forty （ ）9About_