2002年考研英語試題及答案

2002年入學(xué)考試英語試入學(xué)考試英語試題NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項考場規(guī)則,得到監(jiān)考指令后方可開始答題答題前,考生應(yīng)將答題卡上的”考生”、”報考單位”、”考試語種”、”考生”等信息填寫清楚,并與準(zhǔn)考證上的一致。4(1～4試題(一)為部分。該部分共有A、B、C三節(jié),所有答案都應(yīng)填寫或填涂在答題卡1AB兩節(jié)必須用藍(黑)圓珠筆答題,注意字跡清楚。C節(jié)必須用2B鉛筆按照答題卡上的要求填涂,如要改動,必須用橡皮擦干考試進行時,考生應(yīng)先將答案寫或標(biāo)記在試題上,然后在部分結(jié)束前專門留出的5分鐘內(nèi),將答案整潔地謄寫或轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡1上。僅寫或SectionIListeningThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthatpanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Atofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartAForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou’veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordinice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5Welch’salPlaceofYearofTransfertoBarnardUniversityMajoratFinalYearofGrowingUpInNewGuineaPublishedFieldStudyintheSouthPacificMainProfessorshipatColumbiaStartedDeathPartBForquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordinice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(566outfordaysoutsidethe7Onereportergottothe7apartmentpretendingto8Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking89Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectorsPartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren’shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.WhattheyaremostworriedHowlongtheir panythemWhatentertainmenttheyareinterestedTheacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo getenoughhavemorereceiveearlyhaveregularAccordingtothereport,children’sbedroomsshould benoplaceforbenearacommonhavenoTVhaveacomputerforQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?FamilyBankMonthlySpendingHowmuchcan Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?InvestintoamutualUsethediscountQuithiseating-outUseonly rbillsandsaveQuestions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestionsdivorceV-WhatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirToembracechangesofToadapttothedisintegratedfamilyToreturntothepracticeinthe‘60sandTocreatestabilityintheirWhydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsTheyfearedthecomplicatedTheywantedtogoagainsttheTheywereafraidoflosingtheywerewillingtostayYearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave beenshiftedaroundthehaddifficultybeingenjoyedahappiertastedlittlebitternessoftoANSWERSHEET1.THISISOFSECTIONDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE入學(xué)考試英語試題NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考指令后方可開始答題入學(xué)考試英語分為試題(一)、試題(二)本試題為試題(二)11頁(5～15頁)，含有英語知識運用、閱讀理解、寫作三個部分。英語知識運用、閱讀理解A節(jié)的答案必須用2B鉛筆按要求直接填涂在答題卡1上，如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。閱讀理解B節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍(黑)2上答題，注意字跡清楚。12(一)、試題(二)交給監(jiān)考SectioUseofandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thYetmuchhadhappened大21Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot大22家the19thcenturythatthenewsprbecamethedominantpre-electronic大23followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe大24家oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution大25家up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading大26家throughtheegraph,ephone,radio,andmotionpictures大27家the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin大28Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,大29thattheintroductionofcomputerintheearly20thcentury,大30家bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,大31家itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay大32家.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“al”too,aswellas大33withdisplayingsharperstorage大34家increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,大35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch大36begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe大37家withinwhichwenowThecommunicationsrevolutionhas大38家bothworkandleisureandwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen大39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed大40家“harmful”es.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.[A][A][A][A][A][A]bymeansofintermswithregardtoinlinewithSectio ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40TextIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisanizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisanizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulmodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.forlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’saIfyouarepartofthegroup,whichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakesingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumusattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscgoatslikethePostOfficeortheephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelpshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedLookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofmakefunofthe anizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyour impolitetonewveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeentitledtosomeverybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices havebenefitedmanyarethefocusofpublicareaninappropriatesubjectforhaveoftenbeenthelaughing inwell-wordedasawkwardlyasinexaggeratedascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmaybe UseHumorVariousKindsofAddHumortoDifferentHumorTextSincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealsaysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicIndeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotWhattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthebrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuore--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwet.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin theuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword“gizmos”(Line1,Paragraph2)mostprobably Accordingtothetext,what man’sabilitynowistoarobotthatcan fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininteractwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscso makeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobots expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmedia farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledTextCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?OPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.SowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthisTheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobileephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheelosstowhichheavyindustryhasshifted--haveemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis globalreductioninfastgrowthinIraq’ssuspensionofgoupdramaticallyif priceofcrudecommoditypricesconsumptionoiltaxesTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrich heavy esmoreenergy-elossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilmanufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslyoilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat oil-priceshocksarelessshockinginflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceenergyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems Textimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavinoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.” maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”O(jiān)nanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofJustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifehospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainatoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatarepetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicenseFromthethreeparagraphs,welearnthat doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirtheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedpatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheModernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessTheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisAccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-careis prolongedmedicalinadequatetreatmentofsystematicdruginsufficienthospitalWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”/r