英國古典文學(xué)1解析資料

英國古典文學(xué)[1]解析Fiveyearshavepassed;fivesummers,withthelengthOffivelongwinters!andagainIhearThesewaters,rollingfromtheirmountain-springswithasoftinlandmurmur.WilliamWordsworth:TINTERNABBEYFrameworkofEnglishLiterature

1.TheOldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period(449-1066)2.TheMiddleEnglishPeriod(1066-1485)3.TheEnglishRenaissance(1485-1660)

TheBeginningoftheEnglishRenaissance(1485-1558)TheElizabethanAge(1558-1603)The17thCentury(1603-1660)

.4.TheRestorationandtheEighteenthCentury(ortheNeoclassicalPeriod)1660-1798

TheRestoration(1660-1700)TheAugustanAge(1700-1745)TheNeoclassicalDecline(1745-1798)5.1798-1832TheAgeofRomanticism6.1832-1901TheVictorianAge7.1901-TheTwentiethCentury

EnglishLiterature

TheAnglo-SaxonLiteratureAbriefhistoryofearlyBritain

ThebeginningofsettlementinBritaintookplaceinabout700B.C.TheearlysettlerswerecertainCeltic-speakingtribescalledBritons,fromwhomtheislandgotitsname--Britain(thelandofBritons).TheBritonswereaprimitivepeople,abronze-agepeopleenteringuponanageofiron.a.TheEarliestSettlersb.TheRomanConquestIn55B.C.BritainwasinvadedbytheRomangeneralJuliusCaesar.TheBritonsfoughtbitterlyagainsttheRomanconquerors(forabout100years)andwasnotcompletelysubjugatedtotheRomanEmpireuntil78A.D.WiththeRomanConquest,theRomanmodeoflifeandcivilizationcameacrosstoBritainalso.TheRomanConquestendedin410A.D.P1c.TheAnglo-SaxonInvasionInthemid5thcentury,BritainwasinvadedbythreeGermanictribes--theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,fromtheNortheastofEurope,fierceGermanictribesinlatestagesoftribalsocietyestablishedsmallkingdomsinBritainbythe7thcenturycombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland(thelandofAngles).peoplecalledtheEnglish.threedialectsspokenbythemgrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish,aderivativeofLowGerman.d.TheChristianizationoftheAnglo-SaxonsIn597St.AugustineandhismonkslandedinKent.HeathenEnglandwaschristianizedpartbypartinthefollowingcentury.Monasterieswerebuiltalloverthecountry.ItwasinthesemonasteriesthattheearliestEnglishbookswerewrittendownbecauseatthattimefewexceptmonkscouldreadandwrite.e.TheDanishInvasionFrom787,theEnglishbegantobetroubledbybandsofDanishVikings(Scandinaviansearobbers).invadedpartsofthecountryfromtimetotimecametomakepermanentsettlementandruthlesslydestroyedmanyofthemonasteries.KingAlfredfoughttodriveofftheDanes.TheDanesfinallyoccupiedEnglandin1013andhelditforabout30years.f.TheNormanConquestTheFrench-speakingNormans,undertheleadershipofDukeWilliam,(WilliamtheConqueror)camein1066.AfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedastheKingofEngland.TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.ThisConquestalsogreatlyinfluencedEnglishlanguage.TheFormulaoftheNationOriginalBritonsAngles/Saxons/JutesDanesNormansEnglishEarlyEnglishLiteratureOraltraditionTheBritons(Celts)hadnowrittenlanguage,sotheirmythsandlegendswerenotrecordedformanycenturies.LegendsaboutKingArthurandHisKnightsoftheRoundTablewerenotwrittendownuntiltheyreachedtheeleventhcenturyFranceEnglishliteratureactuallybeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.Beowulf

themostimportantworkofOldEnglishliteraturethenationalepicoftheEnglishpeopleofGermanicheritage,perhapsthegreatestGermanicepic,andcontainsevidentlypre-Christianelementsexistingatfirstinanoraltraditionprobablycomposedsometimearound750andpassedfrommouthtomouthforgenerationsbeforeitwaswrittendowntheextantmanuscriptwaswrittenintheWessextongueabout1000A.D.consistingaltogether3183lines.

WhatIsanEpic?Alongnarrativepoemonagreatandserioussubject,toldinanelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-heroicdivinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanraceIliadandOdysseybyHomerAeneidbyVirgil《伊尼特》Beowulf《貝奧武夫》ParadiseLostbyMilton《失樂園》thefirstlongpoeminEnglishtheheroandsettinghavenothingtodowithEnglandperhapsbroughttoEnglandbytheAngles,yetitisnotevenabouttheAngles,butabouttheScandinavians(theGeatsandtheDanesinthesouthernpartofSweden)Beowulf’scharacterseemstobeablendingofhistoricalfigureswithvariousmythicalheroesofanearlierdayThreeEpisodesofBeowulfthefightwiththemonster,GrendelthefightwithGrendel'smotherthemortalcombatwiththeFireDragonP3SocialSignificanceofBeowulfA.providesinsightintothebestqualitiesofthenewerculturetheywerebuildinginEnglandandmirrorstheiridealsValor(bravery,esp.inwar)theloveofgloryhonordutytheloyaltyoftheretainerthegenerosityofthelord.B.reflectsthetypicaltoneoftheirliterature,withitsemphasisonthedarkeremotions,itsgrimscenery,itsvigorousportrayaloftheseaandofbattle.C.itschiefsignificanceliesinthevividportrayalofagreatnationalherobravecourageousselflesseverhelpfultohispeopleandhiskinsfolk.ThreeFeaturesofBeowulf1.themoststrikingfeature:theuseofalliteration,whichischaracteristicofallOldEnglishverse.P5Alliteration:twoormorewordsinaphraseoralinehavethesameinitialsound.Feet

音步Unitofrhythminalineofpoetrycontainingonestressedsyllableandoneormoreunstressedsyllables,asinthefourdivisionsofFormen/maycome/andmen/maygo.（詩行中的節(jié)奏單位，一個音步包括一個重讀音和一個或幾個非重讀音節(jié)，如以下為四個音步）ExampleofAlliterationfromBeowulfOfMenwasthemildestandmostbelovedOfhiskinthekindest,keenestforpraise.2.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatementsmanycompoundwordsusedinthepoemtoserveasindirectmetaphorsthataresometimesverypicturesque.ring-giverhearth-companionsswan'spathorwhale'sroad

battle-hero,shield-bearerorspear-fighter

war-sweatheadjewelsflesthcoatorbonechamberunderstatementischaracteristicoftheEnglishpeopleandtheirlanguage.(Afigureofspeechthatconsistsofsayinglessthanonemeansorofsayingwhatonemeanswithlessforcethantheoccasionwarrants.)nottroublesomeforverywelcomeneednotpraiseforarighttocondemn3.themixtureofpaganandChristianelementspaganelements:theobservingofomens,theattributionofpowertoWyrd(fate),cremation,blood-revenge,andthepraiseofworldlyglory--allwovenintothepoem.Christianelements:theassumptionofGod'sdominionovertheworld,ofDevil'sagencyamongmen,ofexistenceofHeavenandHell,ofaLastJudgment,andofthenoxiousnessofSinthemonks’influenceonOldEnglishliteratureAnglo-SaxonPr