定語從句講解和高考真題及答案

PAGE6PAGE6定語從句(一）（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1．who指人，在定語從句中作主語。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．Which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.4．that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.5．Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.注意：１．含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(誤)２．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(誤)３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.2.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?。試比較：A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.。Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.高考真題1．(2015·江蘇高考)Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.2．(2015·湖南高考)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,________looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.3．(2015·北京高考)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.4．(2015·浙江高考)Creatinganatmospherein________employeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.5．(2015·重慶高考)Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof________werepublishedinthe1990s.6．(2015·陜西高考)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.7．(2015·四川高考)Thebooksonthedesk,________coversareshiny,areprizesforus.8．(2015·天津高考)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.9．(2015·安徽高考)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.10．(2015·福建高考)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership,________showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.高考模擬題1．(2015·重慶南開中學(xué)月考)Thedirectormadetwofilmslastyear,oneof________wassetinChongqing.2．(2015·三峽名校聯(lián)盟聯(lián)考)Iamdoingajob________Ihavetodothesamethingdayafterday.Oh,it'sjustterrible.3．(2015·揚(yáng)州中學(xué)月考)ThecourseaboutChinesefoodattractsover100studentsperyear，of________uptohalfarefromoverseas.4．(2015·北京昌平統(tǒng)考二)TheVoiceofChinahassetupastage________somepeoplecanrealizetheirdreams.5．(2015·湖南懷化二模)Formoreinformation,pleasesendane－mail，________youcanalsoincludeyouradvicetous.6．(2015·浙江江山實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)月考)Themajorityofruralmigrantsareengagedinthemostpainstaking，mosttiringanddangerouswork，________collegegraduatesarereluctanttodo.7．(2015·福建清流一中段考)Therewasatime________Soapyhadtobegfromdoortodoortomakehimselfalive.8．(2015·江蘇啟東中學(xué)月考一)Thehouse，________dooroftenstaysopenuntillateatnight,worksasahomefortheguards,someof________arefromthecountryside.9．(2015·湖南長(zhǎng)沙一中月考)ThenewsspreadquicklyacrossthecountrythatChang'e－Ihasbecomeaplanetofthemoon，________isreallyabreakthroughforChina'souterspacetechnology.10．(2015·重慶南開中學(xué)月考)Lookout！Don'tgettooclosetothehouse________roofisunderrepair.高考真題答案1．a(chǎn)s[句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，吸煙者的數(shù)量在一年內(nèi)下降了17%。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在這里作主語，意為“正如……，這一點(diǎn)”，代替整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。]2．which[句意：這真是一個(gè)令人開心的地方，它看起來和一百年前一模一樣，有著蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的小屋。which代替先行詞place，在定語從句中用作主語，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。不可用that。]3．where[句意：對(duì)面是圣保羅教堂，在那里你可以聽到一些優(yōu)美的音樂。先行詞是St.Paul'sChurch，從句主謂賓成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推斷出關(guān)系詞在從句中作的是地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where。]4．which[句意：創(chuàng)造一種使員工感到自己是團(tuán)隊(duì)一部分的氛圍是一大挑戰(zhàn)。先行詞為anatmosphere，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，此處inwhich相當(dāng)于where。]5．which[句意：他寫了很多的兒童書，其中接近一半是在20世紀(jì)90年代出版的。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)以及選項(xiàng)可知是考查非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語。此處關(guān)系代詞which代指前面的books，作介詞of的賓語。]6．when[句意：作為家里最小的孩子，Alex總是盼望著他有獨(dú)立的時(shí)間。定語從句的先行詞是time，后面的從句是完整的句子，先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，所以填when。]7．whose[考查定語從句。句意：桌上的書是給我們的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，那些書的封面閃閃發(fā)光。先行詞為thebooks，和名詞covers之間是所有關(guān)系，故用whose作定語。]8．where[句意：該公司的老板試圖創(chuàng)造輕松的氛圍，這樣他的員工就可以享受工作的樂趣。先行詞為aneasyatmosphere，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故要用where。]9．which[句意：一些專家認(rèn)為閱讀是學(xué)校教育所依賴的基本技能。dependon/upon依靠，依賴。先行詞為物，介詞后用which來構(gòu)成定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。]10．which[句意：《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》吸引了全世界的讀者，這表明世界上越來越多的人想了解中國(guó)。先行詞是前面的整個(gè)主句，在非限制性定語從句中作主語，故用which來引導(dǎo)。不可用that。]高考模擬題答案1．which[句意：這名導(dǎo)演去年拍了兩部電影，其中的一部是以重慶為背景拍攝的。先行詞為twofilms，作介詞of的賓語。]2．where[句意：我日復(fù)一日地不得不做同樣的工作。啊，真是讓人感到非?？膳?。先行詞為job表示“抽象的地點(diǎn)”，用關(guān)系副詞where＝andin/duringthejob。]3．whom[句意：關(guān)于中國(guó)飲食的課程每年吸引100多個(gè)學(xué)生，其中多達(dá)一半的學(xué)生來自于海外。這里使用了定語從句，先行詞是100students，因?yàn)楸硎臼钦w和部分的關(guān)系，用of＋whom引導(dǎo)，表示范圍。]4．whe