牛津高中英語M9語法從句學(xué)案

第1講:從句

學(xué)生姓名年級高三授課教師王老師備課時(shí)間

教學(xué)

從句

目標(biāo)

重、難

考點(diǎn)

教學(xué)內(nèi)容

重點(diǎn)單詞圮憶器

聽寫

基礎(chǔ)狂記

從句的概要

當(dāng)許多觀點(diǎn)被融合在一個(gè)句子里時(shí)，其中某些觀點(diǎn)比另一些要更重要，這個(gè)時(shí)候,

我們用從句來表達(dá)不太重要的觀點(diǎn)。從句包括狀語從句，名詞性從句或定語從句。

I.狀語從句可以表達(dá)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，比較，條件，原因，目的或結(jié)果。它們由

隱含這些意思的引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)，如：when,where,how.cilthoiigh.if.rinee.

becou/e.inorderthat,/othat.

如：Beeau/ethepopulationofQuebeci//tillO￥Pr70percentfrench.Hlontfecil

ha/wonderfulmixofOldUlorldandflewWorld<irchi(ec(ufeandculture.

2名詞性從句在句中充當(dāng)名詞的作用，可以做主語，賓語或表語?？梢杂蓆hat,或

疑問詞(uihcit.which,uiho/e.when.houi.uihij.uihete.who)或if/uihether來弓|導(dǎo)。

當(dāng)名詞性從句作賓語的時(shí)候，th*常省略，尤其是在口語和非正式的書面語中。

如：Hlonhealhcucolorfulnightlife(oen/ure(that)novi/itori/everbored.

當(dāng)我們用名詞性從句來陳述問句時(shí)，句子的順序是陳述句的語序而不是問句的語序。

如：Idonotknowwhen/hewilltravel.(AOTIdonotknoiuwhenwill/hetravel.)

5.定語從句就像形容詞一它們?yōu)槟澄锾峁└嗟男畔?。定語從句由關(guān)系代詞(which,

that.who.whom,uiho/e)和關(guān)系副詞(mhere.why.why)來引導(dǎo)。定語從句有兩

種，限定性和非限定性。

I)限定性定語從句所提供的信息用來定義所修飾的物或人。在關(guān)系代詞或副詞之前

沒有逗號。

如：「ortho/ewholoveoutdooroctivitie/,iti/po//ibletohike,/ail.

cro//-counhi|/kior(ravelforhour/-orevenday/—withoutmeetingonokherper/on.

2)關(guān)系代詞可以用來替換uiho和uihich。

如：Itizgoodtolearnabouttheculture/ofpeopleuiho/thatcomefromother

counlriez.

3)如果關(guān)系代詞做定語從句中的賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常被省略，在英語口語中由為

如此。

如：Themopleleafi/(hepattern(that)youcon/eeontheCcmodicinflo9.

4）非限定性定語從句用來提供額外的信息，它可以被省略而不會影響句子的語法結(jié)

構(gòu)，而且要放在逗號的后面。

如：locatedintheheartofTorontoi/theCancidiannationalTomer,whichi/

oftencalledthe

CflTouierfor/hort.

例題狂學(xué)

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1Tosucceedinourfuturegoal,westudentsreallyneedtodoistostudyashardaspossibleanddoalotofexerciseseveryday.

A.thatB.howC.whatD.why

2hasbeenmadecleartoallofyou,noneofyouaretocomelatetoclassfromtodayon.

A.It氏AsC.WhatD.Which

3somanyyoungpeoplewanttoliveincitiesisbecausetheywanttohavefunthere.

A.WhyB.ThatC.WhetherD.How

4ChangeNo.1hasbeensuccessfulincirclingthemoonformonths,meansthatitwillbepossibleforChineseastronautstoland

onthemoonsomeday.

A.thisB.itC.thatD.which

5Oneofthebestwayscanprotecttheenvironmentissustainabledevelopment.

A.whichB.inwhichC.howD.that

6Althou助bomandeducatedinthecountryside,Joe'dlikeverymuchtowork

thebigcompaniesare,becomingatopaccountant.

A.whichB.whenC.whereD.because

7Thccompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate____theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.

A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who

8Smallsailboatscaneasilyturnoverinthewater__theyarenotmanagedcarefully.

A.thoughB.beforeC.untilD.if

9PeopIeinChongqingareproudoftheyhaveachievedinthelasttenyears.

A.thatB.whichC.whatD.how

10Popmusicissuchanimportantpartofsociety__ithaseveninfluencedourlanguage.

A.asB.thatC.whichD.where

11Allpeople,theyareoldoryoung,havebeentryingtheirbesttohelpthoseinneed.

A.evenifB.whetherC.nomatterD.however

12WcHlhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday__itrainsorit'sverycold.

A.sinceB.ifC.untilD.unless

13Ireallydon'tlikeart,Ifindhisworksimpressive.

A.AsB.SinceC.IfD.While

14Ybu'Hbesuccessfulintheinterviewyouhaveconfidence.

A.beforeB.onceC.untilD.though

15Thelasttimewehadgreatfunwas__wewerevisitingtheWaterPark.

A.whereB.howC.whenD.why

16Thereweresomechairsleftovereveryonehadsatdown.

A.whenB.untilC.thatD.where

17Hewastoldthatit'dbeatleast3moremonths__becouldrecoverandreturntowork.

A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.that

18Ifsdifficultfbrustolearnalessoninlife__we'veactuallyhadthatlesson.

A.untilB.afterC.whenD.since

19Formanycitiesintheworld,there'snoroomtospreadoutfurther,NewYorkisanexample.

A.forwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich

20TomorrowisTom'sbirthday.Haveyougotanyideathepartyistobeheld?

A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where

二.完型填空

Itisimpossibletoperformconsistentlyinamannerinconsistentwiththewayweseeourselves.Inotherwords,

weusuallyactindirecttoourself-image.Nothingismoredifficultto_SI_thanchangingoutward

actionswithoutchanginginwardfeelings.

Oneofthebestwaysto_3告_thoseinwardfeelingsistoputsome撈uccess

AllthewayhomeItaughtherhowtosellcandybars.I_4geachteachingpointwithahalfdozenYbucan

doitfflourrsmilewill4athemover梧Ibelieveinyouphrases.Bytheendofourftfteen—minute_47,

theyoungladysittingbesidemehadbecomea4gsaleslady.

Attheendoftheday,allthirtybarshadbeensold.Sheexcitedly49asItuckedherintobedthatnight:"Oh

God,thanksforthecandysaleatschool.Ifsgreat.”

Elizabeth'sprayerreflectstheheart's_5aofeveryperson.Weallwanttobewinners.Thenextday

Elizabethcamehome_gj_anotherboxofcandybars.She'dexhausted(用完，耗盡)the絲offriendly

neighbours,andshewasthrustintothecruelworldoftheunknownbuyer._5工Iofferedencouragementanda

fewmoresellingtips.Andshedidit.Theexperience_54twodaysofselling,twosold-outperformances,two

happypeople,andoneboosted_55_.Howweseeourselvesreflectshowothersseeus.

()36.A.oppositionB.responseC.preferenceD.contrast

()37.A.accomplishB.acknowledgeC.appreciateD.allocate

()38.A.followB.controlC.injureD.improve

()39.A.chanceB.tendencyC.needD.competence

()40.A.turnedB.complainedC.warmedD.submitted

()41.A.saleB.deliveryC.presentD.bargain

()42.A.forcedB.orderedC.challengedD.warned

()43.A.WhenB.WhileC.IfD.Because

()44.A.negativeB.furtherC.roughD.positive

()45.A.decoratedB.surroundedC.rewardedD.classified

()46.A.getB.takeC.winD.look

()47.A.complaintB.quarrelC.amusementD.drive

()48.A.committedB.nervousC.frightenedD.pretty

()49.AwroteB.prayedC.recalledD.recommended

()50.A.humourB.impressionC.desireD.justice

()51.A.towardB.withoutC.forD.with

()52.A.resourceB.emotionC.supplyD.dignity

()53.A.AgainB.DeliberatelyC.InsteadD.Eventually

()54.A.addedtoB.amountedtoC.cametoD.cateredto

()55.A.self-helpB.self—studyC.self-respectD.self-image

三.閱讀理解

RaisemeisaneutralplatformthatallowssponsorsandcollegestoawardMicro-Scholarshipstostudentsbasedon

Colleges'and/orSponsors*awardcriteria.

Byusingtheservices,youshouldunderstandthefollowing：

ConnectingwithUsers：

Educatorsmayonlyconnectwithstudentsfromtheschoolsororganizationsthattheyserve,andmayconnect

withanindividualstudentonlywiththatstudenfspermission.Educatorsmayalsoconnectwithcollegesandsponsors

viatheservices.

Studentsmayonlyconnectwitheducatorsfromtheirownschoolsandorganizations,andmayconnectwithan

individualeducatoronlywiththateducator'spermission.

Studentsmayelecttofollowsponsorsviatheservices.Sponsorsmayonlyviewtheprofiles(簡介)ofstudents

whoelecttofollowthem.

QualifyingforMicro—Scholarships：

StudentscanearnMicro-Scholarshipsbasedonthecoursesandachievementstheyaddtotheirprofileswhile

theyareinhighschool.

StudentsmayonlybeawardedMicro-Scholarshipsfromcollegesandsponsorsthattheyfollowbeforethe

applicableCollege'sand/orSponsor's"FollowDeadline^^fortheirclassyear,whichisadatesetbyeachcollegeand

sponsorandstatedonsuchcollege'sorsponsor'spageontheservices.OnceaCollege'sorSponsor'sFollowDeadline

haspassed,studentswhoareseniorsinhighschoolmaynotcontinuetoearnMicro-Scholarshipsfromsuchcollegeor

sponsor.

()56.Byusingtheservices,botheducatorsandstudentsmay.

A.connectwiththeschoolsororganizationsatthesametime

B.getintouchwitheachotherwithbothsides'permission

C.connectwithcollegesandsponsorsatthepropertime

D.freelyelectsponsorswhoelecttofollowthem

()57.WhatarethequalificationsforstudentstobeawardedMicro—Scholarships?

AMakingacademicachievementsandmeetingthe“FollowDeadline^^.

B.Makingbeautifulprofilesandcompletingtherequiredcourses.

C.Settinganaccuratedateandmeetingthe"FollowDeadline^^.

D.Continuingtocontactsponsorsandaddinganacademicachievement.

Spatialnavigation(空間導(dǎo)航)reliesonbrainregionsthatarecommonlyaffectedbytheearlystagesofAlzheimer1s

disease.Beforesevereandobviousmemoryproblemssetinandpeoplearediagnosedwithdementia(癡呆)，they

mightreportproblemswithfindingtheirwayaroundandfrequentlygetlostinfamiliarneighborhoods.Inthatearly

stage,however,itisdifficulttoknowwhethertheirdamagednavigationalskillsareactuallyduetothediseaseorsimply

apartofnormalaging—becausewecurrentlydon*thaveafirmgrasponwhat“normal"is.

IntheirrecentstudySpidersandhiscolleaguesaimedtochangethatbyestablishingacommonbaselineforadults1

navigationalskills,whichnaturallydeclinewithage.Forthat,theresearchersneededlargenumbersofpeopleencee

theideaforcrowdsourcingtheexperimentviaagamingAPPthatmeasuresspatialnavigationability.

Navigatinginsideagamemaynotbeexactlythesameasfindingone'swayinareal-worldsituation.Butpeople

arelikelytousethesamecognitivemechanisms(認(rèn)知機(jī)制)inbothsituations.''Ifyouaregoodatnavigating,you'll

dowellinthegame.Andifyouarebadatfindingyourwayoutthere,you'llalsostruggleinthevideogame,〃Spiers

says,addingthattheirteamstillplanstocomparethegameperformancewithreal-lifeperformanceinnearfuture.

SinceitslaunchinMay,some2.5millionhealthypeoplehaveplayedSeaHeroQuest,makingitoneofthemost

impressivescientificexperimentstodatejustbythesheernumberofparticipants.''Tomyknowledge,neverbeforehas

spatialnavigationbeenquantifiedonsuchalargescale，〃saysKatherinePossin,anassistantprofessorof

neuropsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,whowasnotinvolvedwiththeresearch.

SofaroneofthemainfindingscomingoutofSeaHeroQuestisasimplelineardeclinewithage:Fromtheage19

onward,spatialnavigationsteadilyworsensfromyeartoyear.The19—year-oldwa-eabletoremembertheirstarting

pointandaccuratelyhititbyshootingaflare（信號彈）backtothatposition74percentofthetime.Thoseaged75

succeededonly46percentofthetime.

Anotherfindingisthatmenappeartoperformbetterthanwomenonthesespecifictasks.Althoughthisfinding

seemstofitwiththelong-heldassumptionthatmenarebetternavigators,ratheritmayreflectthatmaleshavemore

experiencewithgames.Theresearcherstriedtoaccountforthispossibility,yetstillfoundagenderdifferencein

performance.Spidersnotes,however,thatthegamesboysandgirlsplayinearlychildhood樗hichhcouldinfluence

braindevelopmentandspatialskills-aremuchhardertoaccountfor.''Thequestioniswhy.Andwedon'thavean

answeryet,〃Spiderssays."Wearereallyskimmingthesurface.There'ssomuchdatafromeveryonewho*splayed

thegame.Wehavetwoyearsofanalysisaheadofus.”

（）58.Whatisthemainpurposeinexperimentingviagaming?

A.TocompareAlzheimefsdiseaseandnormalaging.

B.Toprovideabaselinemeasureofnavigationability.

C.Tofigureoutthewayofdealingwithdementia.

D.Tofindouthowtofirmlygraspwhat“normal"is.

（）59.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whatSpierssaysindicatesthat.

A.thelevelsofperformanceinbothsituationsaretightlycorrelated

B.thepopularityofthegamemakesitselfamoreimpressiveexperiment

C.theplantocomparethegameandreallifehasbeencarefullymade

D.thescaleofthegameissolargethatitisdifficulttoquantify

（）60.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Menwereassumedtobebettergameplayerslongbefore.

B.Spatialnavigationbetterssteadilyfromtheage19onward.

C.Thereasonfordatabeinganalysedishardtoaccountfor.

D.Thefindingsrevealvariationsbasedonageandgender.

Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop（回路）.First,thereisacue,atriggerthattells

yourbraintogointoautomaticmode（模式）andwhichhabittouse.Thenthereistheroutine,whichcanbephysicalor

mentaloremotional,Finally,thereisareward,whichhelpsyourbrainfigureoutifthisparticularloopisworth

rememberingforthefuture.Overtime,thislooptee,routine,reward楸becomemoreandmoreautomatic.Thecue

andrewardbecomeintertwined（交織）untilapowerfulsenseofanticipationandadesireappears.Eventually,ahabit

isborn.

Habitsaren'tdestiny.Habitscanbeignored,changed,orreplaced.Butthereasonthediscoveryofthehabitloop

issoimportantisthatitrevealsabasictruth:Whenahabitappears,tilebrainstopsfullyparticipatingindecisionmaking.

Itstopsworkingsohard,orshiftsfocustoothertasks.Sounlessyoudeliberatelyfightahabit梗nlesssyoufindnew

routinesheepatternwillunfoldautomatically.

Habitsneverreallydisappear.They'reencoded（嵌入）intotheslrucluresofourbrain,andthat'sahugeadvantage

forus,becauseitwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.Theproblemisthatyourbrain

can'ttellthedifferencebetweenbadandgoodhabits,andsoifyouhaveabadone,it*salwayslurking（蟄伏）there,

waitingfortherightcuesandrewards.

Thisexplainswhyit*ssohardtocreateexercisehabits,forinstance,orchangewhatweeat.Oncewedevelopa

routineofsittingonthesofa,ratherthanrunning,orsnackingwheneverwepassadoughnutbox,thosepatternsalways

remaininsideourheads.Bythesamerule,though,ifwelearntocreatenewneurological（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）routinesthat

overpowerthosebehaviors—ifwetakecontrolofthehabitloop—wecanforcethosebadtendenciesintothebackground

Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomes

asautomaticasanyotherhabit.

Ofcourse,thosedecisionsarehabitual,effortless.Aslongasyourbasalganglia（基底核）iscompleteandthe

cuesremainconstant,thebehaviorswilloccurunthinkingly.Atthesametime,however,thebrain*sdependenceon

automaticroutinescanbedangerous.Habitsareoftenasmuchacurseasabenefit.

（）61.Whatcanwelearnaboutthehabitloopfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Ithelpsyourbrainunderstandwhatisworthremembering.

B.Itisathree-steploopconsistingofacue,aroutineandareward.

C.Itbecomesautomaticanddevelopsasenseofanticipationanddesire.

D.Itrevealsabasictruththatthepatternofahabitwiltunfoldautomatically.

（）62.Theadvantageofhabitsneverreallydisappearingisthat.

A.wecaneasilychangewhatweeatB.wedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa

C.wedon'tnecessarilylearnaskillagainD.wecandistinguishbetweenbadandgoodhabits

（）63.WhatcanbeinferredfromthelastsentenceinParagraph4?

A.Habitscanbechangedandreplaced.B.Habitscannotbeignoredorcreated.

C.Oldpatternsalwaysexistinourbrain.D.Newpatternsseldomremaininourheads.

（）64.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Thediscoveryofthehabitloop.B.Theautomaticpatternofhabits.

C.Theresearchonthehabit-formingprocess.D.Thebrain'sdependenceonautomaticroutines.

OnesteamyJulyafternoonincentralArkansas,Iwasworkingonanimportantprojectinmyhomeofficewitha

dearfriendandcolleague.MytrustyprinterwaschurningoutC快速生產(chǎn)）atime-sensitivereportwhenitsimply

stopped.Afterfifteenminutesoftryingtorepair,Idecidedtobuyanewprinter.Uponourreturn,myheartfrozetosee

myhouseonfire.

Despitehavingspentmuchofmylifewriting,Iwasstilllostforadequatewordstodescribethesick,sinking

feelingofseeingyourhome,business,andbelongingsgoingupinflamesalongwithphotographsandmemories

collectedoveralifetime.Butthepanicthatfilledmyshockedheartinthatawfulmomentwasfortheninecatsthat

sharedmyhomeafterbeingrescuedfromsituationsofabuseandabandonment.

Respondingtoanearlysecurity-systemwarning,theamazingfirefightersarrivedinrecordtime,butthechemical

—ladensmokehadalreadycauseddeaths.Iexaminedandkissedeachcatgoodbye,extremelygratefulthattheyhad

passedgently,withoutinjuriesorburns.

Onlyanimalloversreallyunderstandtheunbelievableimpactthatthelossofonebelovedfour—leggedfamily

membercanhaveonyourheart,mindandsoul.Thelossofsomanydearlylovedcreaturessentmereeling（發(fā)蒙）.

Afterstayingwithanothergreatfriendforacoupleofweeks,Iwasrelocatedtoafurnishedapartment.One

evening,aboutamonthaftermovingin,Iwasoccupiedinwritingamysterynovelwhenafalsetto"meow"sounded

fromoutsidetheapartmentdoor.Wasitmymindplayingtricksagain?MorethanonceIhadheard,seenorfeltthe

brushofoneofmydepartedfurryroommates.Themeowgrewlouderandmoreinsistent.Curious,Iopenedthedoor.

Sittingonthedoorstepwasakitten（d、貓）withanexoticblackcoatandalertambereyes.Aneighborwalkingby

pickedhimupandbeganpettinghim.WhenIremarkedhowcuteherkittenwas,sheexplainedthathehadbeenborn

underabridgeandlookedaroundforfood.Thiskitty-lovingneighborwasquicktoofferanextralitterboxifIwas

interestedingivinghimahome.Myimmediatereactionwasafacetious（開玩笑的）''thafsallIneed!〃

After_an,_my_resolution_（決心'）_hac|_been_?ell_Feasonea_ana_remained_firm.Butwithouthesitationsheputthe

adorablekittendown.Ithankedherandclosedthedoor,resolvedtojustlethimstayuntilarealhomecouldbefound.

Thatnight,asIslidbetweenthesheetsofthestillunfamiliarbedinthestillunfamiliarapartment,theenergeticlittle

furballjumpedontothebed,yawneddramatically,andnestledbymyside.Thosewhohaveneversharedasleepwith

acreatureortwomaynotrelate,butthatwasthefirstnightsincethefirethatIactuallyslept.Stubbornlydetermined

nottoopenmyselftomoreanimals-tomorepain-IhadrefusedtoadmithowdesperatelyImissedhavingawarm

fuzzycuddled(依偎)close.

Needlesstosay,thecatcommunityknewthepreciseprescriptionforhealingfarbetterthanI.ThenameStarlight

(Starforshort)seemedperfectbecausethatnighthebroughtsomelightbackintomylife.

Staradoreswrestlingrubberbands,racesupanddownthestairs,dartsoutsideanytimethedooropens,suddenly

appearseverywhereIdon*twanthimtobe,holdsontothebroomwhileI'mtryingtosweep,androllsincatnipor

whateverelsehappenstobeonthefloor.Inhindsight(事后看來)，abetternamemighthavebeen''Star,StopIt!〃

Inthefiveyearssincethefire,wehavebeenthroughalot,StarlightandI.Wereturnedtothehouse,managedto

keepthebusinessalive,broughtthemysterynoveltothefinaleditsbeforeit'ssubmittedinhopesofpublication,and

madealotmoreresolutions.Stai*helpedmethroughamassive,yetuntraditional,healingofspirit.Thememoriesofthe

kittiesthatpassedinthefirenowsparkonlywarmthinmyheartandwinsomesmiles.Everysingleday,Iappreciate

theserendipitous(有意夕卜收獲的)natureoftheUniversethatsentmehopeintheformofalittleblackfurball.

Sotakealittleadvicefrommyfuiryfriend:nomatterhowhopelessthingsmaybecomeorhowfixedyour

resolutionmaybe,openthedoorwheneveropportunityknocks.Itjustmightbeastartolightyourway.

()65.Whatmadetheauthorrelievedafterthefirewasputout?

A.Anewprinterhelpingfinishthetime-sensitivereport.

B.Adescriptionofthebelongingsgoingupinflames.

C.Thecatsbeingrescuedfromsituationsofabandonment.

D.Thecatsbeingdeadwithoutreceivinginjuriesinthefire.

()66.Whatprobablycausedtheauthortoopenthedoor?

A.Theideaofseeinghisbelovedfour-leggedfamilymemberagain.

B.Theimpactofthelossoflovedcreaturesonhismindandsoul.

C.Thebrushofhisdepartedfurryroommatesplayingtricksonhim.

D.Thecuriosityaboutthenovelwritteninmemoryofhiscats.

()67.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph6mean?

A.Theauthordesiredtomakefriendswithacat-lovingneighbor.

B.Theauthormadeadecisionnottotakeinanyanimals.

C.Theauthordidn'tconsideracat-lovingneighborasafriend.

D.Theauthormadeadecisiontoadoptotheranimals.

()68.Theauthorhadhadagoodsleepforthefirsttimesincethefiremainlybecause.

A.heneversharedasleepwithakittenB.herefusedtoadmitmissingakitten

C.hedeterminedtoopenhimselftopainD.heacceptedthekittenandsleptwithit

()69.WhatdidtheauthorsayaboutStarlight?

A.It