第十二章_非謂語動詞.ppt

1、第十二章 非謂語動詞,不定式、動名詞和分詞，這三種形式合稱為非謂語動詞。他們都具有原來動詞的某些特征，如可帶賓語；有時態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化；用not否定；用狀語修飾等。但他們都不能單獨作謂語，因而又稱動詞的非謂語形式?，F(xiàn)對不定式、動名詞和分詞分別作說明。,一、不定式,1、不定式的形式 不定式由to加動詞原形構成(在某些情況下可以省略to)。以動詞write為例，不定式可以有以下幾種形式：,1)不定式的時態(tài) 不定式的時態(tài)取決于不定式與謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的先后順序：同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞動作后發(fā)生，使用不定式的現(xiàn)在式：謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行，則用進行式；不定式的動作先于謂語動

2、詞動作發(fā)生時用完成式。 Young people nowadays love to hear pop songs. 如今的年輕人喜歡聽流行歌曲。 I didnt expect you to be waiting for me here 我沒想到你在這里等我。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble 對不起，給你添了這么多麻煩。,2)不定式的被動式 當不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，該不定式一般要用被動形式。各種形式的動詞不定式均不能在句中獨立做謂語，就不可能有自己語法上的主語。在通常情況下，我們可以推斷某個詞實際上與不定式有邏輯

3、上的主謂關系，這個詞為邏輯主語。,I didnt expect to be invited. 我并沒指望受到邀請。 She ought to be told about it. 這件事該告訴她。 Nothing seems to have been forgotten. 好像沒什么被遺忘掉。 The book is said to have been translated into many languages 該書據說已譯成多種語言。,對比,He ordered the guns to be fired. He ordered the soldiers to fire their guns.

4、 他命令（士兵）開火。 Do you have any clothes to be washed? （讓說話人或其他人洗） Do you have any clothes to wash? （句中主語自己洗）,當名詞或代詞作不定式的邏輯主語時，構成了邏輯上的主謂關系，常用不定式的主動語態(tài)表示被動的意義。 I still have some exercises to do. 我還有練習要做。 Give him some books to read 給他幾本書看。,注意事項,（1）在there be句型中，主語可用動詞不定式修飾。如果句中主語為不定式動作的接受者，常?？捎貌欢ㄊ降闹鲃诱Z態(tài)代替被動語

5、態(tài)。用主動語態(tài)的重點在于做動作的人，而用被動語態(tài)的重點在于動作本身，兩者在含義上沒有本質的差別。 eg. There are still many important things to take care of ( to be taken care of). 仍有一些重要的事情要做。,（2）但是，如果是把to do 或to be done用在something， anything或nothing之后，則含義有很大區(qū)別。 There is nothing to do. 無事可干。 There is nothing to be done. 沒有辦法了。,（3）若所用不定式為“動詞+介詞”構成的短

6、語動詞，介詞不能省略。 eg. You are pleasant to talk with. （4）take作“花費”， “需要”解時，其后的動詞不定式總是用主動的形式。 eg. The book took me two years to write.,3)不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式是由not或never加不定式構成。 He decided not to go with us 他決定不和我們同去。 I wished never to see him again. 我希望永遠不再見到他。,2、不定式的基本用法,1)作主語 不定式可在句中作主語，但在多數情況下為避免句子出現(xiàn)頭重腳輕的不合理結構

7、，常用it作不定式的形式主語，而將作真正主語的不定式短語后置。 To err is human；to forgive is divine。 犯錯誤是人之常情，寬恕才是難能可貴的。 It is necessary to master a foreign language 掌握一門外語是很有必要的。,Its a great pleasure as well as a great honor to be present at the meeting. 出席這次會議真令人高興，也很榮幸。 It takes me about two hours to go to school by bus. 我坐公交車

8、上學需要約兩個小時。,注意： 介詞for，of 短語作不定式的邏輯主語。 Its not easy for me to learn cooking. 對我來說學做飯并不是一件容易的事。 Its very kind of you to give me so much help. 非常感謝你給了我這么多幫助。,2)作賓語 He refused to co-operate. 他拒絕合作。 I cant afford to buy a car. 我買不起小汽車。 They found it difficult to give the classroom a thorough cleaning in t

9、ime. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難及時把教室打掃干凈。 He thought it a pity not to have invited her. 他很遺憾沒有邀請她。(本句中it為形式賓語，不定式短語是真正的賓語。),常用不定式作賓語的動詞有：afford, agree, ask, begin, consider, claim, consent, decide, demand, expect, fail, forget, like, hate, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promis

10、e, regret, remember, want, etc.,注意：有些及物動詞如show, teach，decide， forget 等可帶連接代詞或連接副詞+不定式的形式作賓語補足語： Can you tell me how to get to the train station? 請問去火車站怎么走? I dont know whether to answer his e-mail. 我不知道要不要回他的電子郵件。 Ask him where to park the car 問他哪里可停車。 I wonder who to invite. 我想知道會邀請誰。,常用的可用“疑問詞+不定式

11、”結構作賓語的動詞有：inquire, discover, forget, decide, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, wonder 若用作賓語的不定式短語較長，而其后又有賓語補語時，常常在賓語的位置上用一個it作形式賓語，而把作賓語的不定式短語后移。 eg. I found it difficult to understand him. We do not think it proper for you to say such a thing.,3)作表語 To see is to believe. 眼見為實。 （主語和表語同為不定式

12、，主語表示條件，表語表示結果。） His wish was to become an artist. 他的愿望是成為一名藝術家。 （不定式作表語常表示預定要發(fā)生的動作或表示未來的可能性或假設。）,4)作定語 I have nothing to say. 我無話可說。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave他總是第一個到，最后一個離開。 若不定式為不及物動詞，其后須加結構和意義上所需的介詞。 Would you please give me some paper to write on? 請你給我一些紙寫字，好嗎? He is l

13、ooking for a place to live in。 (=a place in which to live) 他在找住處。,5)作同位語 We didnt receive the order to start the attack 我們沒有收到發(fā)起進攻的命令。 He followed the doctors instruction to examine the broken leg 他按照醫(yī)生的指示檢查斷腿。,6)作狀語 She went to town to do shopping yesterday. 她昨天進城購物去了。(目的) People are never too old

14、to learn. 活到老，學到老。(結果) She shuddered to think of her bitter past 她想起辛酸的過去就不寒而栗。(原因),He stood aside for her to pass. (目的) What have I done to offend you? (結果) The children felt happy to be with their parents. (原因) She would be glad to hear the news. (條件),7)作獨立成分 To tell the truth，I dont like the styl

15、e of the skirt 說實在的，我不喜歡這裙子的款式。 To begin with，the story is not interesting 首先,這個故事沒有什么趣味性。,8)作賓語補足語或主語補足語 The teacher asked the students to hand in their exercises. 老師叫學生們交作業(yè)。(賓補) He is said to be from Shanghai 據說他是上海人。(主補) The country is known to be rich in natural resources (=It is known that the

16、country is rich in natural resources.) 眾所周知這個國家的自然資源非常豐富。(主補),注意： 感官動詞 feel，hear，see，watch，notice和使役動詞make，let，have等后跟不定式作賓補時，不帶to。 I heard her sing 我聽見她唱歌了。(賓補) His father made him go to bed early. 他父親強迫他早早上床睡覺。(賓補),3、關于不定式的一些其他用法,1)為了避免重復，僅用to取代整個不定式： Perhaps Ill go to Europe this summer；Id very m

17、uch like to(=to go to Europe) 今年夏天，我將去歐洲；我非常想去。 I dont swim much now, but I used to a lot (=to swim) 現(xiàn)在我不怎么游泳了。但我以前經常游。 Are you and Betty getting married? we hope to (=to get married) 你和佩蒂要結婚了嗎?我們希望能。,2) 主、被動不定式的用法： I have a lot of work to do this week. 這個星期我有許多事要做。(不能說I have a lot of work to be don

18、e) Ive got reports to write. 我要寫幾份報告。(不能說Ive got reports to be written) 如果不定式的動作由主語完成，用主動；與此相反，或完成不定式動作的行為者不明確，則用被動態(tài)。 These designs are to be revised as soon as possible這些設計圖必須盡快修改。 These T-shirts and dresses are to be cleaned這些T恤、衣服該洗了。,3) 表達意義相同，主、被動都可以用的不定式： There is a lot of work to doto be done

19、 有許多工作要做。 There are some designs to reviseto be revised. 有許多設計要修改。 to do和to revise可以理解為for meus to do；for me / us to revise。,4 ) something，anything和nothing之后的不定式可用主動，也可以用被動，但意義不同： There is nothing to do 沒事可做。(意為生活單調。) There is nothing to be done. 沒法用了。(意為得買新的了。),5)有些被動不定式如：to be seen，to be found和to

20、be congratulated常見于be動詞之后。 The money was nowhere to be found. 這筆錢哪兒也找不到。 He was nowhere to be seen. 他人不見蹤影。 The newly-married couple are to be congratulated. 向新婚夫婦道喜。 但blame習慣上不用被動不定式。 “Im to blame for the accident，”said the taxi driver. 這位出租車司機說：“這次事故是我的過錯?！?6) 不定式的邏輯主語由of和for引出。但兩者在用法上有區(qū)別： 用形式主語it

21、，不定式作實際主語的句型中，若表語形容詞與不定式邏輯主語關系密切，說明其特征或屬性的，用of; 反之僅表示一種連接關系，則用for。如： It was very clever of her to think of that. 她想到那個，真是聰明。 Its easy for the young to fall into bad habits but very difficult to break away from them. 年輕人很容易形成壞習慣，而且很難改掉。,二、動名詞,1、動名詞的形式：動詞原形加 -ing。以動詞write為例，動名詞的主要形式如下：,2、動名詞的基本用法,1)作主

22、語（動名詞常被看作是單數不可數名詞，作主語時謂語用第三人稱單數） Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。 lt is nice talking to you. 和你談話很愉快。( it作形式主語，動名詞短語作真正主語。),2) 作賓語：動名詞在動詞或介詞后面作賓語 Would you mind opening the window? 請把窗戶打開好嗎? I have got used to living here 我已經習慣住這兒了。(動名詞作介詞賓語。) He couldnt stand being treated like that. 他無法忍受那樣待他。 I apologi

23、ze for not having come earlier 我沒有早點來，向你道歉。 She hates his staying out late. 她不喜歡他深夜不歸。,3)作表語（多與系動詞be 連用。如果句中的主、表語同為動詞時，要注意兩個動詞在形式上的一致。） The problem now is getting to know the needs of the students 現(xiàn)在的問題是去了解學生的需要。 Reading is learning. 讀書就是學習。(reading作主語learning作表語),注意：不定式作表語強調具體的、一次性的、有待實現(xiàn)的動作； 動名詞作表語

24、泛指動作或不強調動作，只著眼于動作的名稱。 My duty was to take care of the baby while she was out. (具體工作) My favorite work is teaching English.(一件工作),4)作定語（通常位于名詞之前，作前置定語，表示被修飾名詞的用途或性能。） My grandfather always brings with him a pair of hearing aid. 我祖父總是帶著助昕器。 There is a reading room in our department 我們系有個閱覽室。 The opera

25、ting table is very clean 手術臺很干凈。,5)作補語 This is called robbing Peter to pay Paul. 這叫做拆東墻補西墻。,3關于動名詞與不定式用法的區(qū)別,remember, forget, stop, go on和regret，這些動詞后面既可按動名詞，也可接不定式，但表示的意義不同。如：,1) remember+動名詞表示記得做過什么； remember+不定式表示記得要做什么。 I remember locking the door when I left the office. 我記得離開辦公室時我鎖上了門。 Remember

26、 to lock the door as you left. 離開辦公室時記住要鎖門。,2) forget+動名詞表示忘記做過什么； forget+不定式表示忘記要做什么。 “I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall,” said the tourist. 那位游客說：“我永遠不會忘記萬里長城給我留下的印象?！?She is always forgetting to write to me 她總是忘記給我寫信。,3) regret+動名詞表示后悔做了某事：regret+不定式表示對要做的事情感到遺憾。 Afterwards he regretted

27、having told them about it. 后來他為曾把此事告訴他們而感到后悔。 (=he regretted that he had told them about it ) we regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the opportunity，to get the job. 我們很遺憾地告訴你，我們無法為你提供這個工作的機會。,4)stop+動名詞表示停止做某事；而stop+不定式則表示停下來開始做另一件事。 Stop smoking! 別抽煙! Lets stop (for a couple of min

28、utes) to have a cup of coffee，shall we? 稍停片刻，喝杯咖啡。好嗎?,5)go on+動名詞表示持續(xù)原來在做的動作；而go on+不定式表示接著開始新的動作。 Go on trying until you succeed 繼續(xù)試下去，直到成功。 I shall now go on to deal with the gerund 我現(xiàn)在接著要講的是動名詞問題。,6)1ike+動名詞表示喜歡；like+不定式則表示選擇，習慣。 I like fishing. 我喜愛釣魚。 I like walking along the seaside. 我喜歡在海邊走走。

29、I like to get up early so that l can get plenty of work done before lunch. 我喜歡(習慣)早起，這樣使我能在午飯前完成許多工作。 like用于否定，接不定式表示不愿意做某事。 I dont like to disturb you. 我不想打擾你。,7) try+動名詞表示“嘗試”；而try+不定式表示“盡力”。 Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. 如果前門敲不開，試試(敲)后門。,8) afraid of+動名詞和afr

30、aid+不定式兩者無多大區(qū)別；但是因顧忌可能的結果，而不愿(怕)做某事時；在談及無法預料可能會發(fā)生的害怕事時，后接動名詞。 Im afraid to take a planeof taking a plane。 我害怕坐飛機。 I am afraid of offending her 我怕得罪她。(只能用動名詞) I am afraid of crashing. 我害怕(飛機)墜毀。(同上),三、分詞,1 分詞的形式 分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種?，F(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形+ing構成，過去分詞由動詞原形+ed構成。以write為例，過去分詞只有一種形式即written;現(xiàn)在分詞的各種形式如下:,2、

31、 分詞的基本用法,現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞在句中的作用基本相同。但現(xiàn)在分詞語態(tài)表示主動；時態(tài)表示動作正在進行。而過去分詞語態(tài)表示被動；時態(tài)表示動作已經完成。分詞的主要功能如下：,1) 作表語（相當于一個形容詞，動作意義減弱，表示一種狀態(tài)或主語的性質和特征。） V+ing表示句中主語所具有的特征 V+ed 表示主語所處的狀態(tài) The football match was exciting 這場足球賽激動人心。 She looks disappointed. 她顯得很失望。,2)作定語（被修飾的名詞時分詞的發(fā)出者時用現(xiàn)在分詞，是動作的承受者時用過去分詞） He is a promising young

32、man 他是個很有前途的青年。 The wounded soldier was taken off to the hospital 這個傷員被送往醫(yī)院。 the boring speaker 令人厭煩的演講者 the bored student 感到厭煩的學生,分詞短語作定語時通常后置，起定語從句作用。 A little child learning to walk(=who is learning to walk)0ften falls 學走路的小孩常跌倒。 Whats the language spoken in that country (=which is spoken in that

33、 country)? 那個國家講的是什么語言?,3)作狀語 分詞或分詞短語用作狀語時，一般表示動作發(fā)生的時間、條件、原因、結果或伴隨等情況。分詞的主體，一般就是句子的主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生；謂語動詞表示的是動作或狀態(tài)；而分詞則對動詞加以修飾或作為陪襯。過去分詞作狀語時，句子的主語是分詞動作的承受者而非發(fā)出者。如果分詞的動作先于謂語的動作，分詞需要用完成時。,We sat on the sofa watching TV. 我們坐在長沙發(fā)上看電視。 The students came out of the classroom laughing and chattin

34、g. 學生們從教室里出來又說又笑。 Following Tom，they started to run. 他們跟在湯姆后面開始跑。,They walked on the country road，followed by a dog 他們走在鄉(xiāng)間小路上，后面跟著一條狗。 Seen from the tower，the town looks very beautiful. 從塔上看這座城市非常美。 Not having received an answer, I decided to write him another letter 由于沒接到回信，我決定再給他寫一封信。,分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，

35、如果動作的主語與句子的主語不一致，可以帶上自己的邏輯主語，構成分詞獨立主格(結構)。分詞短語，分詞獨立主格作狀語，起狀語從句作用。 The shower being over，we continued to play games outside 陣雨過后我們繼續(xù)在外面做游戲。 All things considered，her composition is better than yours 各方面考慮起來，她的作文比你的寫得好。,Peter came in，rainwater coming down from his clothes and hair 彼得走進來，雨水順著他的衣服和頭發(fā)往下流

36、。 A new technique worked out，the yields as a whole increased by 27 一項新技術研制出來，產量總體增加了27。,介詞with常被用來引導獨立結構。例如： With the temperature falling so rapidly，we could not continue the experiment 由于溫度下降得太快，我們無法繼續(xù)實驗。,練習,1. _, the spaceman saw the Great Wall of China A) While flew in the spaceship B) While flyi

37、ng in the spaceship C) If flew in the spaceship D) To fly in the spaceship 答案B。,2. The children stood on the pavement，_. A) watching the buses coming and going B) watched the buses coming and going C) when watched the buses coming and going D) when to wash the buses coming and going 答案A。,3. _,we for

38、got our one oclock class. A) Absorbing in our conversation B) Though absorbed in our conversation C) Absorbed in our conversation D) To absorb in our conversation 答案C。 be absorbed in sth. 全神貫注，吸引的注意,4._, we stopped to look at the map. A) Knowing not which road to take B) Not knowing which road to ta

39、ke C) Not knew which road to take D) Not to be known which to take 答案B。,5. _,he had an accident on the icy road A) Although driving carefully B) Even though drove carefully C) Though driven carefully D) Although to drive carefully 答案A。,6. He locked the door, _. A) thus made sure no one would interru

40、pt him B) thus making sure no one would interrupt him C) though made sure no one would interrupt him D) although to make sure no one would interrupt him 答案B。,7. _, land may not be ruined A) When giving proper care B) Unless giving proper care C) Given proper care D) To give proper care 答案C。given假設，如

41、果。,8. Heat butter in the frying pan_. A) until melted B) until melting C) while melting D) when melting 答案A。 9. They were_ to fall asleep. A) so excited B) so exciting C) too excited D) too exciting 答案C。,10. Im used _ to early. A) get up B) getting up C) got up D) be getting up 答案B。 used to do 過去常常

42、be used to doing 習慣于 be used to do 被動,11. I prefer singing_. A) for dancing B) than dancing C) to dance D) to dancing 答案D。 prefer to prefer to do rather than do prefer doing to doing,12. I can not but _. A) to keep quiet B) keep quiet C) keeping quiet D) to be keeping quiet 答案B。否定詞/疑問詞+but相當于否定 = th

43、at not 13. _ there before, he got lost soon. A) Having not been B) Having been not C) Not having been D) Having been 答案C。,14. We _ for quite a long time. A) were keeping waited B) were kept waited C) were keeping waiting D) were kept waiting 答案D。 15. _ in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. A) B

44、uilt B) Being built C) Building D) To be built 答案A。,16. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced，this city is still _. A) a good place in which to live B) a good place to live C) a good place to live in D) good in living in 答案C。,17. To get an education,_ A) one must work hard B) working hard is one of the important requirements C) requirement is needed to work hard D) working hard is needed 答案A。 18. Where did he go? He