CET4-寫(xiě)作1.ppt

1、Writing Techniques in CET-4,1. 時(shí)間與篇幅 2. 段落框架模式 3. 篇章寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng) 4. 句式的使用 5. 詞語(yǔ)的選擇 6. 例句和范文,I.合理分配時(shí)間與篇幅,A. 合理分配時(shí)間(共30),30,6審題列綱,20 寫(xiě)作,4 檢查,B. 合理分配篇幅(共3段),3段,para1 3句話左右,para2 5-6句話,para3 3-4句話,II. The Structure of An Essay,A Paragraph,An Essay,III. 篇章寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng),一Introducing Paragraph 開(kāi)篇明義，要用具有概括性的語(yǔ)言圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)寫(xiě)，內(nèi)含表達(dá)全

2、文中心的主旨句（topic sentence). 二Body Paragraph(s) 是一篇文章的主體部分，是最能展現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作水平的部分。展開(kāi)的內(nèi)容要提前思考成熟，最好列出點(diǎn)來(lái)（即列點(diǎn)法），以求思路清晰，句句相連，邏輯性強(qiáng)。展開(kāi)方法和關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)（啟，承，轉(zhuǎn)，合）要運(yùn)用得當(dāng)。 三Concluding paragraph 總結(jié)歸納全文大意，與篇首的主旨句相呼應(yīng)。注意：歸納句決不能簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)主旨句內(nèi)容，更不能把主旨句照抄一遍，而應(yīng)當(dāng)變換句式，從內(nèi)容的深度和廣度進(jìn)一步拓展。,A) How to begin,1) 直接翻譯法（把outline直接翻譯成topic sentence作為開(kāi)頭） 2) 設(shè)問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭

3、3) 闡述說(shuō)明或議論對(duì)象的重要性及地位 E.g. _ plays an important role(part) in _. Its well-known (clear,true,said) that _. As we know/ As everybody knows,_. Its very important for _ to _. Nothing can be more important than _.,4） 以諺語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭 As the proverb goes, _. Thats to say, _. ( In other words, _) There is a proverb tha

4、t says _. e.g. 一篇題為Honesty的作文， 以上述四種方式開(kāi)頭如下： 1）Honesty is one of the most valuable characters of human beings. 2) What is honesty? Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. 3) Honesty plays an important role in society. 4) As the proverb goes, Honesty is the best policy.,對(duì)作文

5、題的處理,淡化題目的提問(wèn)形式 E.g. Some people prefer eating at food stands or restaurants while other people prefer preparing and eating food at home. Whats your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your preference.,錯(cuò)誤的落筆方法 (a) I prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants because eating should b

6、e more than just satisfying our stomach. (b) I prefer to prepare and eat food at home because eating at home is healthier and more economical. 正確的落筆方法 (a) Eating at restaurants means more than just satisfying our stomach, for it brings us joy and comfort. (b) Unlike eating at restaurants which is co

7、stly and less clean,eating at home is healthier and more economical.,作文題的提問(wèn)形式總是給人以錯(cuò)覺(jué)，以為題目要求應(yīng)試者就問(wèn)題做出回答。寫(xiě)作文的人很容易在動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，一下筆就先回答問(wèn)題，忽視了自己是在寫(xiě)文章這一回事。用正確的落筆方法來(lái)表示自己的看法， 在寫(xiě)文章的 時(shí)候， 更具藝術(shù)性，反映寫(xiě)作人的語(yǔ)言造詣更高。 E.g. Can Money Buy Happiness? (95.1) Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? (98.6) How I Finance My Colleg

8、e Education ? (00,1) Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? (00,6),B) How to develop ：1.列舉法 ( Listing) ( a),Pattern: Topic sentence. There are _ kinds of _. First, _. Second,_. Third, _. In short, _. e.g. The Tape Recorder (1989.1) The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic

9、devices ever invented. This device is useful in many ways Similar expressions: 表類(lèi)別： ways, points, types, results,表順序：(1) First, Second, Third, (2) Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Lastly, (3)First of all (To begin with), next, finally, 表遞進(jìn)或承接：besides, in addition, whats more, moreover, furthermore, espec

10、ially, more importantly, particularly 表總結(jié)：in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, in general, to sum up,(b) 兩點(diǎn)法:,用于較短的段落，只陳述兩點(diǎn)。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)有: (1) For one thing, For another, (2) On one hand, On the other hand, (3) In the first place, In the second place, ,2. 舉例法( illustration),E.g. Practice Makes P

11、erfect (1997.1) 1) 怎樣理解“熟能生巧”？ 2）例如： 在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中 3） 又如 常見(jiàn)詞語(yǔ)包括： (1) For example, (2) For instance, (3)Take for example ( for instance ), (4) is just a case in point. (5) can serve as an example. (6) such as, like,E.g. A. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer. For example/instance, his complete works we

12、re made up of fifty volumes. B. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.Take his complete works for example, they were made up of fifty volumes. C. Jefferson was a good and tireless writer. A case in point is that his complete works were made up of fifty volumes. D. Jefferson was a good and tireles

13、s writer. During his life time, he wrote a lot, such as/ like the Declaration of Independence.,3. 因果論證法 (cause and effect),Pattern: Topic sentence( Why?) One reason is_. Another reason is_. As a result, _. e.g. Dont Hesitate To Say NO (1999.1) Why cant some people make up their minds to say “No” whe

14、n they do want to say so? One reason is that they are afraid of being regarded as selfish. They always hope that everyone will like them and think of them as friendly. Another reason is that they dont care the real benefits for others and the society. So they havent the bravery to say “No”. The thir

15、d reason is that those who ask for help may take revenge if refused. As a result, the people who are afraid of it will always be ready to help them.,表原因的表達(dá)方式： 1) This is because _. 2) One reason is that _. Another reason for this is _. 3) This is due to the fact that _. 表原因的介詞：because of, owing to,

16、due to, as a result of, by virtue of, thanks to 表原因的連詞：because, as, for (that reason),表結(jié)果的表達(dá)方式： 連/副詞：so, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence 短語(yǔ)：as a result, in consequence, it follows that,4. 比較對(duì)比法（comparison and contrast),Pattern: Para1: advantages of _. ( positive aspects of _.) Para

17、2: disadvantages of _. ( negative aspects of _.) Para3: your opinion. E.g. Positive And Negative Aspects of Sports (1993.1) Sports benefit us in many respects But sports can do some harm to those people who can not plan their activities properly In general, sports does more good than harm to peoples

18、 health,1）表轉(zhuǎn)折的副詞或連詞: but, while, whereas, however, nevertheless, otherwise, although 2) 表比較對(duì)比： like ,unlike, likewise, similarly, in the same way, in comparison with, comparatively speaking, in contrast, contrary to, in opposite, on the contrary 3） 表相反觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)： A. _ can also be harmful. B. There are al

19、so some disadvantages in _. C. Every coin has two sides. D. But, we should also take the other side of the coin into consideration. E. We shouldnt neglect the fact that_.,在對(duì)事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)， 我們應(yīng)該公正地平均分布兩件事的篇幅，不應(yīng)側(cè)重于其中一方。 側(cè)重于一方的對(duì)比： Living in big cities means a better living environment, a colorful life, more o

20、pportunities to be successful whereas living in small town means a boring life. 雙方均衡的對(duì)比： Living in big cities means a better living environment, a colorful life and more opportunities to be successful whereas living in small towns means unattractive living surroundings, a boring life style and few c

21、hances to success.,III. How to conclude,1） 以預(yù)言結(jié)尾 2） 以呼吁結(jié)尾 3） 以簡(jiǎn)單的一兩句話結(jié)尾 e.g.一篇題為Honesty的作文以上述三種方式結(jié)尾如下： Only if you take honesty as the best policy can you earn some friends. Lets keep this proverb as a rule of our actions. In short, we should keep honesty at any time. 表達(dá)自我觀點(diǎn)的幾種方式： In my opinion, in

22、my eyes, as for me, as far as I know, as far as Im concerned,IV.句式的使用,寫(xiě)作中盡量使用不同的句式, 如簡(jiǎn)單句， 并列句， 復(fù)合句， 長(zhǎng)句， 短句， 強(qiáng)調(diào)句， 感嘆句， 以達(dá)到句型多樣化， 體現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作技巧與水平。 1） 盡量以簡(jiǎn)單句， 并列句， 復(fù)合句混合使用。 e.g. A. People must stop smoking. There are several reasons for this. - There are several reasons why people must stop smoking. B. He do

23、esnt know what happened. He doesnt care what happened. - He neither knows nor cares what happened. C. I put them on my shelves. I can read them time and again. - I put them on my shelves so that I can read them time and again.,2) 盡量以長(zhǎng)短句搭配使用 A. 長(zhǎng)句一般是指包含從句的復(fù)合句；短句一般以不定式，分詞，名詞短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞短語(yǔ)，副詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。 想句子長(zhǎng)

24、，用從句，否則用短語(yǔ)。以下列表達(dá)目的或結(jié)果的表達(dá)方式為例： 長(zhǎng)句- 短句 For fear that - for fear of In order that - in order to So that - so as to So that-soas to; enoughto; tooto Suchthat- suchas to,B. 分詞，不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)和從句間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換可使句子長(zhǎng)短相應(yīng)變化。 E.g. : 分詞短語(yǔ)：Being short of money, he cant afford to send for a doctor. 從句： Because he is short of mo

25、ney, he cant afford to send for a doctor. 不定式短語(yǔ): The question now is how to carry out the plan. 從句： The question now is how we should carry out the plan. 介詞短語(yǔ): We are fully aware of seriousness of the situation. 從句： We are fully aware that the situation is serious.,（3）適當(dāng)運(yùn)用感嘆句,E.g. A. I want my dream

26、 to come true very much. - How I want my dream to come true! B. Its a pity that some people try to get benefits by dishonest means. - What a pity it is that some people try to get benefits by dishonest means!,（4） 適當(dāng)?shù)貞?yīng)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句式,A. 運(yùn)用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It is(was) _ that (who) _. She( He) does (did) _. B. 改變句法順序達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)效果 N

27、ever shall (will, should) we _. Only if (when) _ can (will, could) _.,V. 1)選詞造句正式化,Informal buy deep same huge thank try help end chance,formal purchase profound identical gigantic gratitude endeavor assistance terminate opportunity,正式字特征,音節(jié)多 The steak tastes delicious. (nice/yummy) Your proposal is

28、 marvelous.(great) He is an eccentric man.(weird/strange) He felt apologetic for his words.(sorry),2) 表達(dá)方式書(shū)面化,Writing a good essay is not a piece of cake. - an easy job to do. We enjoy sitting in beautiful caf. - beautifully decorated 副詞修飾過(guò)去分詞一起作形容詞比單字形容詞內(nèi)涵豐富得多。,3) 用形容詞感染讀者,E.g. Some people prefer t

29、o live in a big city; others prefer to live in a small town. Use specific reasons and details to support your preference and explain why. 設(shè)命題為: Living in a big city is better than living in a small town,Living in a big city is better than living in a small town,A colorful night life Brightly lit str

30、eet Paved broad highway Large incorporations More jobs and opportunities,Boring evening and night Dim small roads and paths Gravel narrow freeway Unpromising jobs,4) 避免使用有性別歧視的字眼,務(wù)必記熟的英語(yǔ)作文句式及作文例文,1. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 2. It is a common saying th

31、at man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed. 3. To tell the truth, many mistakes we made could have been avoided. 4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved. 5. There is no doubt that others will help you if you have any difficulties.,務(wù)必記熟的英語(yǔ)作文句式及作文例文,6. It is cert

32、ain that we have a long way to go. 7. All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims. 8. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice. 9. It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms. 10. It is obvious (evident) that the s

33、uccess of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.,務(wù)必記熟的英語(yǔ)作文句式及作文例文,11. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English. 12. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out. 13. We will be successful as long as we perseve

34、re. 14. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries. 15. I take it for granted that they will support this idea.,務(wù)必記熟的英語(yǔ)作文句式及作文例文,16. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved. 1

35、7. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 18. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 19. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldnt utter a word. 20. There is no denying the fact that the new management metho

36、d has greatly increased the production.,務(wù)必記熟的英語(yǔ)作文句式及作文例文,21. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained. 22. Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations. 23. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV

37、 sets, video-recorders. 24. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it. 25. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.,Many people believe that technological advancements has brought more benef

38、its to the society. They say that the convenient city life is to a large degree the result of technological development. Electricity ,TV, telephone ,the modern buildings, etc, all contribute to the improvement of peoples life. They also think that as a result of biotech breakthrough, many health-rel

39、ated problems have been solved.,However, others might be against technological upgrading. They claim that problems caused by technological development outweighs the intended benefits. In their opinions, the industrialization brings more environmental problems than economic benefits is endangering th

40、e livelihood of human beings. They also point out that with the modernization process, people do not have more time to enjoy .Rather they have to shoulder responsibility and pressure in the fast-paced society.,It is true that technological advancement brings both benefits and drawbacks. As far as I

41、am concerned , technological development brings more benefits to us. Modern technologies have improved our life not only by freeing people from boring and tiring work but also by enabling them to be connected together closer than ever. In addition, with new technologies, some problems, such as envir

42、onmental problems, can be relieved and solved.,make sure that put up with his behavior; tolerate regardless of the color of his/her skin relieve the childrens mental burden Imposing their own ideas on/upon,Since 1990, there has been tremendous growth in the use of computers by students .While in 199

43、0, the average number of hours a student spend on the computer was about one hour per week.,this number grew to a nearly four hours per week by 1995, and to approximately 20 hours per week by the year 2000. This significant growth in the use of computers by students in the1990s can be attributed to

44、several factors ,including widespread usage , lower prices, and technological and social developments.First, computers are widely used by students for word processing, book keeping,multimedia presentations, and access to the internet for both research and communications. Additionally, since 1990, du

45、e to,.,competition and technological advances ,computer hardware and software prices, as well as internet usage charges have dropped significantly .Finally ,computers can enable students to have many activities,l for instance listening ,watching movies,and sports events, and playing computer games.

46、While computers are of great assistance to the students , they also pose some challenges. The biggest challenge that many students face is discipline in the use of this powerful device. Students should not be addicted to it. They need to use this powerful tool with great wisdom!,Love or Learning in

47、College Some college teachers argue that students should give up love for the sake of learning. They maintain that love is time-consuming and tears students away from learning - students main task. If a student falls in love, he will certainly neglect his studies and cannot catch up with his class.

48、.,Students, however, hold that forbidding love affairs among college students is no good. They take for example some of their friends who, falling in love, study harder and make greater progress in order to please their girl (or boy) friends. Some one else, on the contrary, who has not fallen in lov

49、e, cannot concentrate on learning.,In my opinion, as a coin has two sides, love can be positive and negative. If you do not give yourself away in love but take it as a drive, you will make more progress in your learning and achieve much. But if you forget everything else except love, then you will b

50、ecome a prefect lover and a definite loser in your studies.,Environmental Protection Too often, the development of economy has resulted in serious environmental pollution. Much of our air and water has been polluted by industrial waste and accidents. Oil spills destroy marine life and our beaches. P

51、ower plants burning coal and gas produce pollution along with electricity. Sulfur emissions from mines and factory chimneys may result in acidic rain, which kill many life forms in pond and lake waters.,Now we have made many efforts to protect our environment. Laws have been established for environm

52、ental protection. Massive programs are launched to clear up rivers and lakes. Sewage plants have been built or improved, and tight controls are placed on industrial emissions. Consequently, we now have a cleaner and more sanitary environment.,We should note, however, that environmental protection wo

53、uld remain a great task for us over a long time to come.It is unlikely to solve the problems once and for all. In the battle of fighting against the pollution ,we have a long way to go.,In our fast-paced world, it is almost impossible to avoid building up tension. All of us confront stress daily; an

54、ything that places an extra demand on us causes stress. We encounter it on the job, and we face it at home.,If our tension is not relieved, it can start numerous reactions, both physical and psychological. Yet, we can learn to cope with stress effectively so as to overcome such an oppressive feeling

55、 and to avoid its consequences.,. Now that we know how important leisure time is, each of us had better find an appropriate way to relax and refresh. Some people enjoy listening to classical music, while others are interested in going to rock concerts. Fortunately, people have invented countless way

56、s of amusing themselves, and finding the way that is right for you is half the fun!,Fortunately, people have invented countless ways of amusing themselves, and finding the way that is right for you is half the fun!,Culture -national and international There are so many nations in the world and each h

57、as its own distinctive culture. However, recent years have witnessed an over-increasing exchange of cultures between different countries.,which covers almost all aspects of culture. As is shown in the picture, an American girl is dressed in traditional Chinese Costume. Obviously ,cultural exchange i

58、s gaining word-wide popularity.,There are some reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, people are attracted by different cultures. They want to know different nations of the world, their beliefs, their daily life, their traditions and customs, their arts and even their food or clothing.Further more, cultural exchange is absolutely beneficial to the nations involved. Countries can learn from other countries achievements, thereby contributing