run-on-sentences.ppt

1、Run-on sentences,Lyn, Sendy, Jean, Black, Elza, Sophia, Caroline, Amanda,RUN- ON SENTENCE,DEFINITION,A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) are joined without appropriate punctuation or conjunction. It is generally considered a stylistic e

2、rror (格式上錯(cuò)誤), though it is occasionally used in literature and may be used as a rhetorical device（修辭手法）. An example of a run-on is a comma splice(逗號(hào)拼湊句), in which two independent clauses are joined with a comma without an accompanying coordinating conjunction. Some prescriptivists(語(yǔ)法學(xué)) exclude comma

3、 splices from the definition of a run-on sentence, though this does not imply that they consider comma splices to be acceptable.,The mere fact that a sentence is long does not make it a run-on sentence; sentences are run-ons only when they contain more than one independent clause. A run-on sentence

4、can be as short as four wordsfor instance: I drive she walks. In this case there are two independent clauses: two subjects paired with two intransitive verbs. So as long as clauses are punctuated appropriately, a writer can assemble multiple independent clauses in a single sentence; in fact, a prope

5、rly constructed sentence can be extended indefinitely.,A sentence in which two or more independent clauses are not properly joined by any punctuation or conjunction. Chinese meaning: (一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立從句沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)丶尤胍粋€(gè)分號(hào)或連接詞。） e.g. It is too far to walk to school it is snowing.,Two or more complete sentence

6、 are joined by commas. Chinese meaning:（兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上完整句子用逗號(hào)連接） e.g. It is too far to walk to school, it is snowing.,Two complete sentences joined by a connecting adverb are punctuated incorrectly. Chinese meaning:（用連接副詞連接兩個(gè)完整的句子是標(biāo)點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤。） e.g. It is too far to walk to school, moreover, it is snowing. It is

7、 too far to walk to school moreover it is snowing.,There are two types of run-on sentence: the fused sentence and the comma splice.,Fused sentences occur when there is no punctuation and no coordinating conjunction between two independent clauses. The snow needs to be shovelled get going on it right

8、 away. Comma splices occur when two independent clauses are joined with a comma that is not followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet). The snow needs to be shovelled, get going on it right away.,A. use a semicolon(;) to join two complete sentences, the second of which

9、is related to the first sentence in meaning.,Correct run-on sentence,Run-on sentence: I think I shall lie down Im very tired. Correct: I think I shall lie down; Im very tired. Run-on sentence: Jane just returned from Italy, she had a wonderful holiday. Correct: Jane just returned from Italy; she had

10、 a wonderful holiday.,B. write period after complete sentences (Turn each independent clause into a separate sentence. ). Run-on sentence: many sports grew up to their present-day forms in Britain, football is perhaps the best example. Correct: many sports grew up to their present-day forms in Brita

11、in. Football is perhaps the best example.,C. use semicolons before connecting adverbs. (or Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join the dependent clauses. ) Run-on sentence: the final text was very difficult I managed to pass it. Correct:the final text was very difficult; however, I manage

12、d to pass it. Run-on sentence: The snow needs to be shovelled get going on it right away. Correct: The snow needs to be shovelled, so get going on it right away.,D. use a conjunction to join two complete sentences. (Turn one of the independent clauses into a dependent clause. ) fused sentence: The s

13、now needs to be shovelled get going on it right away. Correct: Since the snow needs to be shovelled, get going on it right away.,Take some sentences as example:,e.g.: Obviously, the problem of greenhouse effect is one of the biggest problems that had many big conferences between countries to discuss

14、ed it today, the movie is just magnifying the effect of this problem in order to lead the reason of this clime disaster more believable.,Revised: Obviously, the problem of greenhouse is one of the biggest problem that had many big conferences between countries to discussed today. (here, we must use

15、a period to join two complete sentences.) The movie is just magnifying the effect of this problem in order to lead the reason of this clime disaster more believable.,e.g.: Moreover, before the main catastrophe happened in THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW there are many small disasters appeared in the movie, l

16、ike hail and cyclone which could be seen in the normal life, that let the story more closed to peoples experience and give the audience more soul shock than 2012.,Revised: Moreover, before the main catastrophe happened in THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW there are many small disasters appeared in the movie, l

17、ike hail and cyclone which（avoid repeating we can use that） could be seen in the（delete the; in ordinary life instead of in the normal life） normal life, that（infinitive clause should be led by which）let the story（let should be replaced by lets; add be here） more closed to peoples experience and giv

18、e（ gives） the audience more soul shock than 2012.,Brief introduction of punctuation Period (. ),It is usually used to show the end of a sentence. e.g: Love is when you take away the feeling, the passion, the romance, and you find out you still care for that person. (愛(ài)情，就是摒棄感覺(jué)、激情和浪漫之后，你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己依然在意那個(gè)人。),

19、Comma(,),Use a comma to join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so). Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary. Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause. To get a good grade, you must co

20、mplete all your assignments.,Semicolon(;),Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones

21、.,Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, e

22、ven so). Eg: Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for Americas safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.,Dash()（Chinese meaning:破折號(hào)）,Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Da

23、shes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses. Perhaps one reason why the term has been so problematicso resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitionsis because of its multitude of applications.,Definition: a subordinate conjunctions is to guide the noun clause and

24、the adverbial clause.,Subordinate conjunctions,Chinese meaning: 一個(gè)連詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或狀語(yǔ)從句,before Time adverbial clause,Before I could get in a word he had measured me.,He almost knocked me down before he saw me.,because, since, as reason adverbial clause,He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill

25、.,If reason is the main part of the sentence ,we use because. The subordinate clause guided by “because” is always put in the end of the sentence .We usually use “because” to answer the sentence guided by “why”.,Although，though Concessive subordinate clause,When the subordinate clause guided by “alt

26、hough or “ though, the main clause can not use “but, but we can use “yet” ,”still.,Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.,once Conditional subordinate clause,I dont believe he was once a thief. Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster

27、 than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students.,“once” used as an adverb meant “in the past” ,but when it used as a conjunction meant “in a very short time”.,as,When “as” guide time adverbial clause, its meaning is “when”. As a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster. Wh

28、en “as” guide subordinate clause of manner,its meaning is “l(fā)ike”. We must do as the Party teaches us.,When “as” guide reason adverbial clause, its meaning is “since”. As you are tired, you had better rest. When “as” guide concessive adverbial clause, its meaning is “though, although”. Child as he is

29、, he can do it well.,as,Coordinating conjunctions(并列連詞）,Coordinating conjunctions connect word, phrases and clause（分句）.,Look at the examples that follow:,Slow but sure. (connect words) Shell be back either this week or next week. (connect phrases) I went and she went also. (connect clauses),The foll

30、owing are the kinds of Coordinating conjunctions:,Coordinating Conjunctions and therefore the game was called off. It can also be put in the middle of a sentence. He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me. “hence” is also an adverb, it is similar to “therefore, it is commonly used at the start

31、 of a clause or a sentence. My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now.,Exercise for conjunction,1. Oh, I failed again Dont lose heart. One more effort, _ you will succeed. A. so that B. therefore C. however D. and 2. How can I wake up so early? Set the alarm at 5 oclock, _ youll make it. A.

32、but B. or C. and D. so,D,C,3. For a person with reading habits, a printed page contains not only words _ ideas, thoughts and feelings. A. yet B. and C. or D. but 4. Information technology is taught in most schools, _ we have entered the information society. A. so B. while C. still D. for 5. English

33、is understood all over the world _ Turkey is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself. A. while B. when C. if D. as,D,D,A,6. I was on the point of going to bed _ Mr. Zhang rang. A. as B. when C. while D. and 7. I asked him whether he had done all the work himself _ whether he had had an ass

34、istance. A. and B. but C. nor D. or 8. I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter _ it was? A. where B. what C. how D. which,B,D,D,9. _ I had walked for six hours, I was tired out. A. After B. Before C. When D. As 10. Tom make up his mind to get a seat for the football match _ it

35、means standing in a queue all night. A. as if B. as though C. even if D. whatever 11. The roof fell _ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby. A. as B. after C. until D. before,A,D,D,12. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _ it comes

36、 to classroom tests. A. as B. since C. when D. after 13. _ the man grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 14. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen _ the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. A. when B. than C. as D. while,C,A,B,15. _ he

37、 studies hard, he will never pass the examination. A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. Even though 16. She worked hard _ everything would be ready by the time he came back. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless 17. He waited _ the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later. A. when B.

38、before C. as D. until,B,B,D,18. May I go and play football with Dick this afternoon, Dad? No, you cant go out _ your work is being done. A. before B. until C. as D. after 19. I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice _ I picked up the phone. A. the moment B. after C. before D. while,B,A

39、,Exercise: Correct the following,Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes, and he told his parents he fell off his bicycle, he avoided punishment for playing with explosives.,Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes. He told his parents he fell off his bicycle, thus avoiding pu

40、nishment for playing with explosives. Fred managed to make it home. He changed his clothes and told his parents that he fell off his bicycle. He avoided punishment for playing with explosives.,2.I left town shortly after. Didnt see him again for five years.,I left town shortly after and didnt see hi

41、m again for five years. 3. Took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred after my long absence he is unable to have children. Didnt ask if he still plays with firecrackers. During a trip home last summer, I ran into Fred after a long absence. He is unable to have children. I didnt ask if he still pl

42、ays with firecrackers. After a long absence, I took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred, who is unable to have children. I didnt ask if he still plays with firecrackers.,4. The Daily Telegraph thun dered on to his front doormat he could get up and do the crossword over the pot of tea that serve

43、d as his breakfast.,correct:The Daily Telegraph thundered on to his front doormat he could get up, do the crossword over the pot of tea that served as his breakfast. 5.The old man listened with a puzzled expression he held an unlit cigar in his delicate fingers. The old man listened with a puzzled e

44、xpression, he held an unlit cigar in his delicate fingers. The old man listened with a puzzled expression as he held an unlit cigar in his delicate fingers.,6.Many North American cars cost less than foreign cars however, foreign cars get better mileage.,A. Many North American cars cost less than for

45、eign cars, but foreign cars get better mileage. B. Many North American cars cost less than foreign cars; however, foreign cars get better mileage. C. Although many North American cars cost less than foreign cars, foreign cars get better mileage. D. Many North American cars cost less than foreign car

46、s. Foreign cars get better mileage.,7.Traffic jams in major cities have gotten out of hand car pools should be mandatory.,Traffic jams in major cities have gotten out of hand, so car pool should be made mandatory. Traffic jams in major cities have gotten out of hand; car pools should be made mandato

47、ry. Because traffic jams in major cities have gotten out of hand, car pools should be made mandatory. Traffic jams in major cites have gotten out of hand. Car pools should be made mandatory.,8.The restaurant looks tacky to me, all the tablecloths are made of plastic.,a. The restaurant looks tacky to

48、 me, for all the tablecloths are made of plastic. b.The restaurant looks tacky to me; all the tablecloths are made of plastic. c.The restaurant looks tacky to mebecause all the tablecloths are made of plastic. d.The restaurant looks tacky to me. All the tablecloths are made of plastic.,9.Here is the

49、 chief administrator, he will solve our problems.,A. Here is the chief administrator, and he will solve our problems. B. Here is the chief administrator; he will solve our problems. C. Here is the chief administrator who will solve our problems. D. Here is the chief administrator. He will solve our

50、problems.,10.The elephant quit the circus he was tired of working for peanuts.,A.The elephant quit the circus, for he was tired of working for peanuts. B.The elephant quit the circus; he was tired of working for peanuts. C.The elephant quit the circus because he was tired of working for peanuts. D.T

51、he elephant quit the circus. He was tired of working for peanuts.,Check work: run-on or not?,I had a good time skiing and I was sad that it had to end. The books are heavy, dont carry them. While I was riding my bike, I saw birds. 4.I saw birds, I was riding my bike.,(T),(T),(T),(F),Exercise （2）,Ple

52、ase use the methods we gave to do the following exercises.,Judge which sentence is the correct one, and try to correct the other sentences. Greece is a fantastic country it has lovely people and great food. Despite a long flight, arriving in Athens is always a good feeling. She never walks anywhere

53、she is really lazy. There is nothing better for a cold than a hot whisky and a big box of chocolates.,Answers! (1),1 Greece is a fantastic country it has lovely people and great food. This is definitely a run-on sentence. It needs some punctuation between the two ideas. Correct: Greece is a fantasti

54、c country. It has lovely people and great food.,Despite a long flight, arriving in Athens is always a good feeling. This is not a run-on sentence. The comma sets off the initial part of the sentence.,3 She never walks anywhere she is really lazy. This is definitely a run-on sentence. It needs some p

55、unctuation or conjunctions between the two ideas. Correct: She never walks anywhere. She is really lazy. Or She never walks anywhere, because she is really lazy.,4 There is nothing better for a cold than a hot whisky and a big box of chocolates. Correct. Although this is a long sentence, it does not contain more than one idea.,2) Find and correct run-on sentence in the following paragraph. First of all, I want