磨床的類型#中英文翻譯#外文翻譯匹配

磨床的類型 1 磨床的類型 從最簡單的磨床對最復雜 , 磨床可能被分類作為公共磨床、圓柱形磨床和表面磨床。一般的機械師將牽涉主要到地板鑲嵌和長凳登上的公共磨床和交換表面磨床。 公共磨床 公共磨床意欲為臨時 研制件支持在手和被利用反對轉動的研的磨蝕輪子的地方。這類型 磨床取決于 準確性取決于操作機器的智慧 . 技能、知識和機械的性能和工作性質 .公共磨床包括一個水平地登上的馬達與一個研的磨蝕輪子附有各個馬達軸的末端。 電動發(fā)動機驅動器是簡單而常見 。它也許長凳登上或地板鑲嵌。通常 , 軸軸承的情況和設計并且馬達規(guī)定值確定機器的輪子大小容量 。適當?shù)妮喿邮匦l(wèi)并且工具休息為安全和操作方便被提供。磨床進來各種各樣的大小和形狀依照下面被列出。 地板鑲嵌公共磨床 典型的地板鑲嵌公共磨床站立齊腰高和綁住到地板螺栓。地板鑲嵌公共磨床請見圖 5-1 座 212 英寸口徑的 2 英寸全磨料磨輪子 。 安排兩個輪子 安裝粗面轉動為粗磨目的在軸的一個末端并且一個美好的五谷輪子為精整目的在另一邊末端這節(jié)省否則會被消耗在改變輪子里的時間。 各個 砂輪 由 都有砂輪護罩保證 機器的安全。 每個砂輪磨床都有 透明 眼罩， 火花逮捕和可調整的工具 臺 。工具 臺 和 冷卻臺 在基地或墊座的邊。 在磨削 碳鋼切口事采用 冷卻液冷卻 。使用 12 英寸輪子 , 機器提供大約 5.500 SFPM 的最大切口速度。 2-HP 電動機這個機器 的最大速度 有 1.750 每分鐘 /轉 。 磨床的類型 2 例 1 地板鑲嵌公共磨床 臥式實用磨床 象 臥式實用磨床 , 一個 劣質 砂輪 和一個 優(yōu)質 的砂輪 通常 裝在 在機器為操作便利。各個輪子帶有可調整的 工具臺 和眼 罩 為保護。 這個機器 ,裝有發(fā)動機熱過度負荷開關停止發(fā)動機如果采用過高的壓力使砂輪焚燒了馬達 . 馬達旋轉到3.450 轉 最大切割速度最高為七英寸的機輪每分鐘約 6300 英尺表面 (SFPM). 例 2 臥式實用磨床 磨床的類型 3 臥式實用鉆磨床 臥 式實用鉆磨床是為了磨削鉆子準備的。 這類型準確性研磨機不依靠操作員的手巧和技巧因為鉆子被安置在 保護裝置 。 保護裝置 安置鉆子在正確位置為清除和包括的角度。對于更多信息關于這個機器參見章節(jié) 4 。 臥式實用磨床與拋光機 臥式實用磨床 和拋光的機器是 混合磨削和 清洗 , 并且拋光它不被推薦為工具研因為它不包含工具休息或 車輪擋板 ,。這個機器通常登上一個 4 條英寸直徑導線輪子在一個末端。 鋼絲輪 被使用為清潔并且磨蝕輪子被使用為一般研。二個輪子的當中一個可能被去除并且一個拋光的輪子登上在它的地方為拋光和擦亮。1/4-HP 電動機旋轉 在 3,450 轉每分鐘最大值。 4 英寸直徑輪子的最大切口速度是大約 3,600 SFPM。 例 3 臥式實用磨床與拋光機 臥式工具和切削刀研磨機 臥式工具和 切削刀研磨機 ，見圖 5-4。 主要被設計研末端磨房。它以及切開可能并且研小木和鋼切削刀大品種鋸切削刀直徑 12 英寸使用鋸研的附件。典型磨床的類型 4 的 臥式工具 和切削刀研磨機的容量是如下 : 砂輪移動 7 l/2 垂直英寸 砂輪移動 5 l/2 垂直英寸 表面移動 6 英寸 距離中心 -14 英寸 . 回轉中心 (直徑 )直徑 l/2-英寸直徑 回轉工作臺 (直徑 )l/2-英寸 直徑 非常規(guī)圓柱磨床在大規(guī) 模維護系統(tǒng)包括加速磨削工具 工具庫磨床 工具庫 磨床 , 看圖 5-5, 是機械工具附件被設計登上對引擎車床工具崗位。它被使用為內部和外在研圓柱形工作場所。參見章節(jié) 7 為這個機器的描述。 碾碎和研 磨 車床 裝置 并且叫這個附件是一個 多功能 的機械工具附件 ， 它執(zhí)行內部和外在圓柱形研在它的其它作用之中。參見章節(jié) 9 為這個機器的描述。 表面磨床 表面磨床被使用為 磨 平面。 工件 往復運動 和交換在 砂輪 之下的一張長方形 工作臺 。交換表面磨床有水平的輪子紡錘和一般登上直接或圓筒類型研磨蝕輪子。 表面交換磨床 交換的表面磨床是水平的型表面磨 床。 工件 被緊固對桌 ,砂輪 用手或 自動進給移動 。 磁性卡盤用來把工件 緊固 在工作臺上 。 這臺磨床有一個內部泵浦和管道系統(tǒng)為 自動制動時的冷卻 和 工件以及砂輪再次工作事的冷卻 。 砂輪裝配 對水平的軸 是平直的和 只 切開 它的 圓周 表面。 砂輪 速度是可調整的 砂輪 。 標準砂輪的類型 砂輪有著 許多不同的大小、形狀 和 研磨劑 (圖 5-7) 。一些各種各樣的型下面是列出的 ： 盤 形 盤形砂輪 第 1, 5, 和 7 型 號 , 向內部 , 圓柱形 , 水平的紡錘、表面 , 工具和 即 時 磨 和粗磨共同地被應用。凹進處在 第 5 和 7 型號 容納架置耳輪緣。第 1磨床的類型 5 型 號輪子從 0.006 英寸到 l/8 英寸厚 度 被使用為切除 棱角 和開槽。 圓筒形 圓筒 形砂輪 ,第 2 型號 ， 被安排研在或輪子的周圍或邊。 錐形 錐形砂輪 ,第 4 型號 , 當 粗磨 可以保證安全的擋住砂輪破損時的飛屑。 直杯形 直杯形砂輪 ,第 6 型號 ,主要 用在 表面 磨 削 , 但可能并且被使用為臨時 磨 平面。簡單或 斜 面孔是可利用的。 杯形砂輪 杯形砂輪， 第 11 型號 , 是常用 在 工具 磨 削 。以樹脂狀 粘結 , 它 在磨蝕 時 很有用 ， 它的 表面 也許是 平面 或成斜面。 蝶形 蝶形砂輪 ， 第 12 型號的首要用途 ,是在工具 修整 。它稀薄的邊緣可能被插入入狹窄的地方 , 并且它是方便為 研磨 被解除的銑刀和 鉆孔 的 表面 。 茶碟形 茶碟 砂輪 ,第 13 型號 , 是亦稱 除毛刺機 因為它被使用為 清除毛刺 。 例 4 砂輪的各種標準類型 磨床的類型 6 研磨材料 磨粒 是 從砂輪切割式脫落的 。他們實際上切開小片斷或芯片工作當輪子轉動。 磨粒 形狀是不規(guī)則以幾鋒利的先鋒。當這些邊緣增長愚鈍 , 力量行動在輪子傾向于 碾 碎 磨粒 和 產生 新 刃口 。 研磨工具 多數(shù)研的輪子由碳化硅或氧化鋁制成 , 其中之二是人為 (制作的 ) 研磨劑。碳化硅是極端堅硬但易碎的。氧化鋁輕微地更軟但比碳化硅堅韌的。它 默鈍化 迅速 , 而是它容易地不破碎因此它更好適用與相對地高抗拉強度研 的材料 磨粒的大小 磨粒 被選擇 是 根據他們 穿過 濾網 相嚙合 。例如 ,第 40 號 磨粒 表明 , 磨粒 通過篩子有大約 40 個濾網對線性英寸。一個 磨料 被選定粗糙 , 中等 , 或 良 好根據各自的 磨粒 的大小做 砂輪 。 粘結材料 粘結劑 磨粒在一個 砂輪 由粘合劑 粘結 到位。 粘結 的百分比在輪子確定 , 到大規(guī)模范圍 , 堅硬 或 等級 輪子。 砂輪 將是更加 高 的百分比和力量 , 更加堅硬的。 堅固的砂輪將保留磨粒更久 , 當 軟性 輪子迅速 脫落磨粒 。如果一個 磨粒 是 太堅硬的 為工作 , 它將給上釉因為 粘結 防止 鈍化 磨蝕微粒從被發(fā)布因此新 磨粒 可能 被暴露為切口。除控制堅硬和拿著研磨劑以外 ,粘結 并且提供適當?shù)陌踩蛩卦诟咚贂r 。它使輪子結合在一起當離心力設法分開撕毀它。最共 普通粘結 被使用在 砂輪 里玻璃化 , 硅酸鹽 , 紫膠 , 樹脂狀 , 和橡膠。 陶瓷 大多數(shù)研的輪子有玻璃化的 粘結 。玻璃化的 粘結 的輪子比其他 粘結 是熱或寒冷 影響的 和被做 成比其他的粘結更加堅固 。他們適應實際所有類型 研磨。 有一著名的 例子 : 如果輪子不是足夠濃厚 , 它不承受旁邊壓力和在稀薄的 情況下 切除輪子。 磨床的類型 7 硅酸鹽 硅酸鹽 粘結研磨顆粒比燒結粘合劑更容易脫落 。硅酸鹽 粘結得砂輪 很好適用與 磨削溫度必須保持在較 低的領域 , 譬如 磨削鋒利 的切割工具。它不適用 重型磨削 。薄 片 切 斷砂輪 用 有時 以蟲膠結合 因為它 被用在快速冷切割 。 樹脂 樹脂狀 粘結 是 牢固 的 和柔軟的 。它廣泛被應用在粗磨 砂輪 里 (為 磨削 不規(guī)則性 的粗糙 鑄件 ), 操作 在 9,500 SFPM 。它并且被使用在 切斷砂輪 。 橡膠 在橡膠 粘結 的 砂 輪里 , 純凈的橡膠 里混入了 硫磺。 它有非常靈活得切割速度和它被準許制造稱 0.006 英寸薄的砂輪用以在大家伙上切割裂縫 。多數(shù) 切斷機的砂輪都是由 有橡膠 粘結的 。 硬度的 等級 一個 砂輪 的等級 由粘結材料的硬度來決定 。下面列出 一 些 砂輪等級的例子： 一個 較 軟的 砂輪在切削時切屑很容易飛濺出來但 是一個 較硬的砂輪切削時則能成功的 阻止切屑飛濺出來。 多數(shù) 砂輪 被 硬度等級辨別根據字母標明 。多數(shù) 砂輪 制造商使用一個信件代碼范圍從 A (非常軟 ) 對 Z (非常 硬 ) 。 陶瓷 和硅酸鹽 通常歸類從 非常 軟到非常硬 , 蟲膠 和 樹脂通常歸類從 非常 軟到非常硬 , 并且橡膠 粘結通常被限定在 硬范圍 里 。 選擇砂輪的硬度等級應該和選擇磨粒的大小一樣仔細 。 一個磨削砂輪得硬度太軟會使它的磨損非常得迅速 ,它的磨粒會在它的使用壽命還沒結束之前就脫落下來 。另一方面 , 如果 砂輪的硬度對于 工作 太硬 , 磨 粒將 會 變鈍因為 粘結劑不會讓磨粒脫落 , 并且 砂輪 的效率將被 降低 。 如果 磨粒的大小和粘結材料的軟硬都相同，則磨粒之間距離大比磨粒間距離小的砂輪更軟。 因而 , 砂輪的真正硬度取決于磨粒的 堅硬和磨粒之間距離或構造。 砂輪的結構符號 一個砂輪的粘結強度不止取決于磨粒的硬度等級還取決于磨粒之間的空間構造。即磨粒間的距離和密度 。結構和空間距離決定了每立方英寸磨粒的容量。磨床的類型 8 每個 砂輪 由制造商標記 用 蠟紙或 標簽做了標記 。制造者制定出了 一套 標 記的 標準系統(tǒng) , 用 一個 標記了 A36-L5-V23 的砂輪舉個 例子。 A 提到是氧化鋁的研磨劑。36 代表粒度。 L 顯示等級或程度堅硬 , 是中等。 5 提到輪子的結構并且 V 提到粘結劑種類。 磨床的類型 9 TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINES From the simplest grinding machine to the most complex, grinding machines can be classified as utility grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines. and surface grinding machines. The average machinist will be concerned mostly with floor-mounted and bench-mounted utility grinding machines, bufting machines. and reciprocating surface grinding machines. UTILITY GRINDING MACHINES The utility grinding machine is intended for offhand grinding where the workpiece is supported in the hand and brought to bear against the rotating grinding abrasive wheel. The accuracy of this type of grinding machine depends on the operators dexterity. skill, and knowledge of the machines capabilities and the nature of the work. The utility grinding machine consists of a horizontally mounted motor with a grinding abrasive wheel attached to each end of the motorshaft. The electric-motor-driven machine is simple and common. It may be bench-mounted or floor-mounted. Generally, the condition and design of the shaft bearings as well as the motor rating determine the wheel size capacity of the machine. Suitable wheel guards and tool rests are provided for safety and ease of operation. Grinding machines come in various sizes and shapes as listed below. Floor Mounted Utility Grinding Machine The typical floor-mounted utility grinding machine stands waist-high and is secured to the floor by bolts. The floor mounted utility grinding machine shown in Figure 5-1 mounts two 12-inch-diameter by 2-inch-wide grinding abrasive wheels. The two wheel arrangement permits installing a coarse grain wheel for roughing purposes on one end of the shaft and a fine grain wheel for finishing purposes on the other end this saves the time that would be otherwise consumed in changing wheels. Each grinding abrasive wheel is covered by a wheel guard to increase the safety of the machine. Transparent eyeshields. spark arresters. and adjustable tool rests are provided for each grinding wheel. A tool tray and a water pan are mounted on the side 磨床的類型 10 of the base or pedestal. The water pan is used for quenching carbon steel cutting took as they are being ground. Using the 12-inch wheel, the machine provides a maximum cutting speed of approximately 5.500 SFPM. The 2-HP electric motor driving this machine has a maximum speed of 1.750 RPM. Bench Type Utility Grinding Machine Like the floor mounted utility grinding machine, one coarse grinding wheel and one fine grinding wheel are usually mounted on the machine for convenience of operation. Each wheel is provided with an adjustable table tool rest and an eye shield for protection. On this machine, the motor is equipped with a thermal over-load switch to stop the motor if excessive wheel pressure is applied thus preventing the burning out of the motor. The motor revolve at 3.450 RPM maximum to provide a maximum cutting speed for the 7 inch grinding wheels of about 6,300 surface feet per minute (SFPM). 磨床的類型 11 Bench-Type Utility Drill Grinding Machine The bench-type drill grinding machine is intended for drill sharpening. The accuracy of this type of grinder is not dependent on the dexterity and skill of the operator because the drill is placed in a holding device. The holding device places the drill in the correct position for the clearance and included angle. For more information on this machine refer to chapter 4. Bench-Type Utility Grinding and Buffing Machine The bench-type utility grinding and buffing machine is more suitable for miscellaneous grinding, cleaning, and buffing It is not recommended for tool grinding since it contains no tool rests, eyeshields, or wheel guards. This machine normally mounts a 4 inch-diameter wire wheel on one end. The wire wheel is used for cleaning and the abrasive wheel is used for general grinding. One of the two wheels can be removed and a buffing wheel mounted in its place for buffing and polishing. The 1/4-HP electric motor revolves at a maximum of 3,450 RPM. The maximum cutting speed of the 4-inch-diameter wheel is approximately 3,600 SFPM. 磨床的類型 12 Bench-Type Tool and Cutter Grinder The bench-type tool and cutter grinder, see Figure 5-4, was designed primarily to grind end mills. It can also grind a large variety of small wood and steel cutters as well as slitting saw cutters up to 12 inches in diameter using the saw grinding attachment. Capacity of the typical bench-type tool and cutter grinder is as follows: Grinding wheel travel - 7 l/2-inch vertical. Grinding wheel travel - 5 1/2-inch horizontal. Table travel - 6 inches. Slitting saws with attachment - 12-inch diameter. Distance between centers - 14 inches. Swing on centers (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter. Swing in work head (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter. Nonspecialized cylindrical grinding machines in the Army maintenance system include the tool post grinding machine and the versa mil attachment. Tool Post Grinding Machine The tool post grinding machine, see Figure 5-5, is a machine tool attachment designed to mount to the tool post of engine lathes. It is used for internal and external grinding of cylindrical workplaces. Refer to Chapter 7 for a description 磨床的類型 13 of this machine. Milling and Grinding Lathe Attachment Also called a Versa-Mil this attachment is a versatile machine tool attachment that mounts to the carriage of a lathe. It performs internal and external cylindrical grinding among its other functions. Refer to Chapter 9 for a description of this machine. SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE The surface grinding machine is used for grinding flat surfaces. The workpiece is supported on a rectangular table which moves back and forth and reciprocates beneath the grinding wheel. Reciprocating surface grinding machines generally have horizontal wheel spindles and mount straight or cylinder-type grinding abrasive wheels. RECIPROCATING SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE The reciprocating surface grinding machine is a horizontal- type surface grinding machine. Workpieces are fastened to the table and can be moved beneath the grinding abrasive wheel by hand or power feed. A magnetic chuck maybe used for fastening the workpiece to the table. This grinding machine has an internal pump and piping network for automatic application and recirculation of a coolant to the workpiece and wheel. The grinding abrasive wheel, mounted to the horizontal spindle is straight and cuts on its circumferential surface only. Grinding wheel speeds are adjustable GRINDING WHEELS STANDARD TYPES OF GRINDING WHEELS Grinding wheels come in many different sizes, shapes, and abrasives (Figure 5-7). Some of the various types are listed below. Straight Straight wheels, numbers 1, 5, and 7, are commonly applied to internal, cylindrical, horizontal spindle, surface, tool, and offhand grinding and snagging. The recesses in type numbers.5 and 7 accommodate mounting flanges. Type number 1 wheels from 0.006-inch to l/8-inch thick are used for cutting off stock and slotting. Cylinder 磨床的類型 14 Cylinder wheels, type number 2, may be arranged for grinding on either the periphery or side of the wheel. Tapered Tapered wheels, type number 4, take tapered safety flanges to keep pieces from flying if the wheel is broken while snagging. Straight Cup The straight cup wheel, type number 6, is used primarily for surface grinding, but can also be used for offhand grinding of flat surfaces. Plain or beveled faces are available. Flaring Cup The flaring cup wheel, type number 11, is commonly used for tool grinding. With a resinoid bond, it is useful for snagging. Its face may be plain or beveled. Dish The chief use of the dish wheel, type number 12, is in tool work. Its thin edge can be inserted into narrow places, and it is convenient for grinding the faces of form-relieved milling cutters and broaches. Saucer The saucer wheel, type number 13, is also known as a saw gummer because it is used for sharpening saws. Figure 5-4.Standard types of gringing wheels 磨床的類型 15 ABRASIVE MATERIALS The abrasive grains are the cutting took of a grinding wheel. They actually cut small pieces or chips off the work as the wheel rotates. The shape of each grain is irregular with several sharp cutting edges. When these edges grow dull, the forces acting on the wheel tend to fracture the abrasive grains and produce new cutting edges. ABRASIVES Most grinding wheels are made of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, both of which are artificial (manufactured) abrasives. Silicon carbide is extremely hard but brittle. Aluminum oxide is slightly softer but is tougher than silicon carbide. It dulls more quickly, but it does not fracture easily therefore it is better suited for grinding materials of relatively high tensile strength. ABRASIVE GRAIN SIZE Abrasive grains are selected according to the mesh of a sieve through which they are sorted. For example, grain number 40 indicates that the abrasive grain passes through a sieve having approximately 40 meshes to the linear inch. A grinding wheel is designated coarse, medium, or fine according to the size of the individual abrasive grains making up the wheel. BONDING MATERIAL Bond The abrasive particles in a grinding wheel are held in place by the bonding agent. The percentage of bond in the wheel determines, to a great extent, the “hardness” or “grade” of the wheel. The greater the percentage and strength of the bond, the harder the grinding wheel will be. “Hard” wheels retain the cutting grains longer, while “soft” wheels release the grains quickly. If a grinding wheel is “too hard” for the job, it will glaze because the bond prevents dulled abrasive particles from being released so new grains can be exposed for cutting. Besides controlling hardness and holding the abrasive, the bond also provides the proper safety factor at running speed. It holds the wheel together while centrifugal force is trying to tear it apart. The most common bonds used in grinding wheels are vitrified, silicate, shellac, resinoid, and rubber. 磨床的類型 16 Vitrified A vast majority of grinding wheels have a vitrified bond. Vitrified bonded wheels are unaffected by heat or cold and are made in a greater range of hardness than any other bond. They adapt to practically all types of grinding with one notable exception: if the wheel is not thick enough, it does not withstand side pressure as in the case of thin cutoff wheels. Silicate Silicate bond releases the abrasive grains more readily than vitrified bond. Silicate bonded wheels are well suited for grinding where heat must be kept to a minimum, such as grinding edged cutting tools. It is not suited for heavy-duty grinding. Thin cutoff wheels are sometimes made with a shellac bond because it provides fast cool cutting. Resinoid Resinoid bond is strong and flexible. It is widely used in snagging wheels (for grinding irregularities from rough castings), which operate at 9,500 SFPM. It is also used in cutoff wheels. Rubber In rubber-bonded wheels, pure rubber is mixed with sulfur. It is extremely flexible at operating speeds and permits the manufacture of grinding wheels as thin as 0.006 inch for slitting nibs. Most abrasive cutoff machine wheels have a rubber bond. GRADES OF HARDNESS The grade of a grinding wheel designates the hardness of the bonded material. Listed below are examples of those grades: A soft wheel is one on which the cutting particles break away rapidly while a hard wheel is one on which the bond successfully opposes this breaking away of the abrasive grain. Most wheels are graded according to hardness by a letter system. Most manufacturers of grinding abrasive wheels use a letter code ranging from A (very soft) to Z (very hard). Vitrified and