西方文化背景文藝復(fù)興（英文）

1、1,The Renaissance Culture,2,Early Modern English,The renaissance was the revival of the ancient culture of Greek and Latin. Scholar translated literature from Latin and Greek into English ,so over 10000 Latin and Greek words (A.C. Baugh and T. Cable ,1946:221) entered the English language ,which con

2、tributed to the vocabulary of Modern English.,3,II Historical Background,Timeline 1474 William Caxton printed the first book in English 1485 Founding of Tudor Dynasty 1532-34 Henry VIII divorced, declared himself as supreme head of the Church of England,4,II Historical Background,1558 Death of Mary,

3、 accession of Elizabeth I 1576 The first playhouse built in London 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada, apex of England 1603 Death of Elizabeth I, accession of James I,5,Historical background:,The breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism; The enclosure; the

4、 war of the Roses; the strengthening of the absolute monarchy; the rise of the bourgeoisie; the defeat of the Spanish Armada. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art. So with the strengthening of new bourgeois national state, this period i

5、s marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.,6,.The Renaissance: A Rebirth of Leaning Renaissance , French for rebirth“ or “revival”, perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe between 14-17 centuries At one time many historians held

6、that the Renaissance signified a sharp break with the preceding medieval period. More recently some scholars have argued it was an evolutionary change from the Middle Ages,7,What does “Renaissance” mean?,Generally it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. The term Renaissance, i

7、s adopted from the French equivalent of the Italian word “Rinascimento”. Literally: “rebirth”.,8,. Distinctive Features began with the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman civilization Emphasized reason, a questioning attitude, experimentation, and free inquiry (rationalism) Glorified the individual and a

8、pproved worldly pleasures, and focused attention upon secular matters (humanism),9,Featured great achievements in literature, art, and science, and the art stressed symmetry and grace Started in Italy, especially Florence, and in the 15th century spread to France, the German states, Holland, Spain,

9、and England,10,Humanism:,The Renaissance was marked by the spread of humanism, the keynote (the great spirit) of Renaissance. It sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that the man is the measure of all things, the man-cente

10、red culture. It stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.,11,A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. At t

11、he heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion（堅持，斷言）of the greatness of man. Intellectuals of humanist believed in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of human body. Mans interest was shifted from Christianity to Humanity, from religion to philosophy, f

12、rom heaven to earth, from beauty of God to the beauty of the human body in all its joys and pains, senses and feelings.,12,Start of Renaissance,Renaissance happened gradually at different places at different times. The movement occurred in different countries with different emphasis. The impact with

13、 Italy was mostly in fine arts. （藝術(shù)指詩歌、音樂、繪畫、雕塑、建筑等） In France it was literature. In England it was philosophy and drama. The starting place of the Renaissance is almost universally ascribed to（把歸于）Central Italy, especially the city of Florence. Italy cradle of the Renaissance.,13,Renaissance in Ita

14、ly,Literature and Poetry Francesco Petrarch（彼特拉克）(1304.7.20 19, 1374.7.19) an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the greatest humanists during the Renaissance. a prime mover（發(fā)動者） in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece. He and Dante are both considered the fathers of the Renaissa

15、nce.,14,Giovanni Boccaccio （卜伽丘） (1313-1375) an Italian author and poet, the author of the great work Decameron （十日談） The Decameron: full of praises of true love and wisdom and satire on the hypocrisy of the priest and the aristocrat. With this book, the courtly themes of medieval literature began t

16、o give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.,15,Boccaccio (1313?-1375) Italian, lived in Florence during his formative years. His best known work is a collection of short stories, The Decameron,16,Renaissance Art,The distinct features of the Renaissance Art 1. Art broke away from the d

17、omination of the church. 2. Themes of painting changed from purely celestial（天上的，神圣的） realm to an appreciation of nature the Last Judgment over the altar; sculptures of David , the Pieta, the Dying Slave, Moses; the design of the dome of St. Peters Basilica.（正方形教堂）,23,Self-portrait Deploring Jesus C

18、hrist,24,Raphael (Raffaello Sancio) （拉斐爾） (1483-1520),a painter and architect. His works are of a sweetness of temper (秀美風(fēng)格）Best known for the portrayal of Madonna (圣母像).Also famous for the painting School of Athens （雅典學(xué)派）,25,Self-portrait Virgin and Child,26,Another Outstanding Renaissance ArtistTi

19、tianTitian (about 1477-1576)（提香）,Venetian painter, supreme colorist. Father of the modern mode of painting. His painting established oil color on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial tradition in western art.Madonna of the Pesaro Family佩薩羅圣母. This work established the reputation and persona

20、l style of Titian. Sacred and Profane Love, Bacchus and Ariadne. Penitent St. Mary Magdalene懺悔的瑪格達(dá)林, Man with the Glove,27,Self-portrait Venus,28,Decline of the Italian RenaissanceAccounting Factors,I. comparatively slower economic development II. the new geographical discovery III. tight religious

21、control IV. Italian wars,29,Decline of the Italian RenaissanceAccounting Factors,I. I. comparatively slower economic development: The feuds of families, the conflicts of classes and the rivalry between city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional order. The countries of northe

22、rn Europe were uniting themselves and expanding their economy. II. the new geographical discovery : In 1492, America was discovered by Columbus.1488, there was the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope. The opening of all-water route to India provided a cheaper means of transport.,30,Decline of the Ital

23、ian RenaissanceAccounting Factors,III. tight religious control The Roman Catholic church had to tighten its control over thought, speech and publication after the Protestant reformation. The joyous spirit among intellectuals gave way to a spirit of pessimism. IV. Italian wars The city centers of Ren

24、aissance were pillaged and devastated in the Italian wars one after another. The 60-year wars ended with the Spain supremacy. Italy was left under foreign control for more than 3 centuries ever after.,31,Renaissance in FranceHistorical Background:,Under the influence of Italian renaissance, there em

25、erged in France a whole generation of humanists.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Rabelais and Montaigne. Franois Rabelais拉伯雷 A Humanist writer. Best known for the satirical work Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人傳 Michel Eyques de Montaigne (1533-1592)蒙田 An

26、influencial French Renaissance writer. Generally considered to be the inventor of the personal essay.,32,Rabelais (1494?-1553) French, famous for Gargantua, which portrayed a comic world of giants whose adventures satirized education, politics, and philosophy,33,Montaigne (1533-1592) French, wrote a

27、 series of Essays, expressing skepticism toward accepted beliefs,34,Renaissance in SpainHistorical Background,By 1479, various Kingdoms in Spain had merged in the union of Castile and Aragon. In 1492, Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain. This is the beginning of the age of expl

28、oration for Spain. The 16th century saw the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.,35,Miguel de Cervantes(1547-1616)塞萬提斯A novelist, a dramatist and a poet. Known for his immortal masterpiece Don Quixote堂吉珂德. Recognized as the father of the modern European novel,36,Don Quixote,Published i

29、n 1605, the book was reprinted six times within the next year. considered by many to be the first modern novel. one of the greatest works in Western literature. An adventure story of the poor country gentleman, Don Quixote and his peasant servant Sancho Panza. The book is a parody satirizing the rom

30、ance of chivalry. The whole adventure was put against the reality of 17th century Spain.,37,Renaissance in EnglandHistorical Background,English Renaissance is a term often used to describe a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the mid-17th century. This era in En

31、glish cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era,” though the English Renaissance covers a period both before and after Elizabeths reign. In the period, the country gained both political and religious stability and economic prosperity.,38,Main figures:

32、,the highest glory of the English renaissance is its drama ( the Elizabethan drama). This was Englands golden age in literature. There appeared many literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.,39,Thomas More:,An English lawyer, writer, and politician. He e

33、arned a reputation as a leading humanist scholar. He coined the word “Utopia, a name he gave to an ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system. Utopia: Thomas Mores most famous and controversial work. In the book, a fictional traveler, Raphael Hythloday, describes the political arrangement

34、s of an imaginary island nation named Utopia, where private property does not exist and an almost complete religious toleration is practiced.,40,41,Francis Bacon,An English philosopher and essayist. best known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution. His works establish

35、 and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. Induction implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses,42,Famous quotations from Bacon,Knowledge is power. Some books are to be taste

36、d, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.（讀書使人完善充實，交談使人敏捷機(jī)智，寫作使人精確謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)）,43,44,William Shakespeare,An English poet and playwright who has a reputation as one of the greatest of all writers in the Engli

37、sh language and in Western literature. One of the worlds pre-eminent dramatists Shakespeare is among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both tragedy and comedy. His work has been translated into every major living language, and his plays are continually performed all around the world,45,4

38、6,Comedies:,皆大歡喜(As You Like It) 仲夏夜之夢(A Midsummer Nights Dream) 第十二夜(Twelfth Night or What You Will) 威尼斯商人(The Merchant of Venice),47,Tragedies,Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奧瑟羅 King Lear 李爾王 Macbeth 麥克佩斯,48,Science and technology during the Renaissance,Geographical Discoveries Astronomy天文學(xué) Anatomy解剖學(xué) Politi

39、cal Science and Historiography （編史工作）,49,Geographical Discoveries,It is a golden age of geographical discoveries. By the year 1600, the surface of the known earth doubled. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)哥倫布 Navigator and discoverer of the new world. Made four voyages with the help of his Spain patr

40、ons Bartholomeu Dias( 1466?-1500)迪亞斯 The Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. He is the first European known to do so since ancient times. Vasco da Gama達(dá)伽馬 A Portuguese navigator. He discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope. He is the first person to sail dir

41、ectly from Europe to India.,50,Astronomy,Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543)哥白尼 A Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist. He developed the heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. His theory affected many aspects of human l

42、ife, opening the door for young astronomers, scientists and scholars to take a skeptical attitude toward established dogma. Anatomy Andreas Vesalius 維薩里 (1514-1564) A Flemish( Belgium) anatomist. The founder of modern medicine (anatomy), author of the first complete textbook on human anatomy, On the

43、 Workings of the Human Body人體結(jié)構(gòu) (1543年）,51,Political Science and Historiography,Niccol Machiavelli(1469-1527)馬基雅佛里 Called“Father of political science” in the West. Major works are Prince君主論 and Discourses. He criticized the Church on the one hand and stated his ideas of liberty and democracy on the

44、other.,52,Impact,The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Churchs dispensation. In this release lay the way of development of the modern world. “It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.” -Friedrich Engels,53,.Literary and Humani