英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分（8種）主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)1、 主語(yǔ)是句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)。 English is a foreign language. I like learning English. Learning English is interesting.2、 謂語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。 I learn English every day.3、 表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。 如：My name is Ping ping . I

2、 am happy. The book is mine. 連系動(dòng)詞分類： （1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：用來表示主語(yǔ)性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。 He is a teacher. He is ill. (2) 感官系動(dòng)詞：look,feel, smell, sound, taste Your mother looks young. This kind of cloth feels soft. The flower smells good. This song sounds great. The soup tasted delicious. （3）表像系動(dòng)詞:seem, look 看起來好像 He looks

3、 tired. He seems (to be) very sad. （4）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞：表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況，主要有 keep, stay keep和stay義為“保持”, remain 義為“仍然是，依然是” keep/stay healthy （5）變化系動(dòng)詞：變得become, turn, get, fall, go，grow等. become /get angry, famous, fat, ill, old, strong(人) become/ get cold ,dark, cloudy（天氣） go 主要指一種由強(qiáng)到弱或由好到壞的變化(可用于人或事物) go bad, hu

4、ngry, wrong Her face turned red/ green. fall ill/ silent grow impatient6）終止系動(dòng)詞 表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"之意. The theory proved (to be ) wrong. His plan turned out (to be ) successful （turn out表終止性結(jié)果）4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的

5、前面。如：He wrote me a letter .有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . 5、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來說明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean./ We call him Jack. 6、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞，如：Shanghai is a big city . I have something interesting to tell you.7、狀語(yǔ)：副詞作狀語(yǔ)用來修飾動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子。此外，還有地點(diǎn)

6、狀語(yǔ)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等等。 She cried sadly. Sadly, she failed in the exam.8. 同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如： Where is your classmate Tom ?分析下列句子成分 1. She smiles happily2. I am hungry. 3. . Trees turn green in spring. 4. Unluckily, he broke a window. 5. They pushed the door open. 6. Mr. Li considered him honest. 7. She

7、 showed us her pictures. 8. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 9. We will make our school more beautiful. 10. Grandma gave me a letter last night. 英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)句子可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)1. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（vi.）She cried sadly. 2. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（vt.）+賓語(yǔ)I saw a film yesterday. I didnt meet him at the meeting. He reached Lond

8、on.3. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（vt.）+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)Mother bought me a watch. Mother bought a watch for me.She showed us her new dress. She showed her new dress to us.4. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（vt.）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)I heard him singing in her room. We must keep our rivers clean. We call him Tom. 5. 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)She was too tired. Tom fell ill.翻譯下列句子：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

9、 1那天早上我們談了很多。 2會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。3小鳥在天空自由地飛翔. 4在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) 1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。 4他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 6那位先生能說三種語(yǔ)言。 7 Jim 還不會(huì)自己穿衣服。 主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 1他失業(yè)了。2我的兄弟都是大學(xué)生。 3冬季白天短，夜晚長(zhǎng)。 4布朗夫人看起來很健康。 5十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 6這本書是有關(guān)美國(guó)歷史。 雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ) 謂動(dòng) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我們德語(yǔ)。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)

10、有趣的故事。 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) （主語(yǔ) 謂動(dòng) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ）1我們叫她Alice. 2明天我要找人來修理單車。 3他每個(gè)月理一次發(fā)。 并列句并列句是由連詞接所連接起來的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。連接詞可以表達(dá)并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比。因果等關(guān)系。如：and表示并列或順承；but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系；because/so表示因果關(guān)系；while表示比較或?qū)Ρ?。Work hard, and you will succeed. Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. He is old,but he still works as hard as young people.

11、Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. I earn only 50 dollars a week while she earns 80 dollars. 復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，必定有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的主句部分，而另一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)則是句子的次要部分，即從句部分。常見的從句有：定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)-動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一、動(dòng)詞的分類和形式：1、動(dòng)詞按其能否獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)而分為：“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”和“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”兩種,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有3種形式：to do, doing,

12、done;2、動(dòng)詞的5種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和第三人稱單數(shù)（“三單”）3、動(dòng)詞按其構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組作用分為：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞。英語(yǔ)八大時(shí)態(tài)一、    一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays,3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞 原形 （如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要加（e）S）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時(shí)

13、態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don't,如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問，如主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句：. It seldom（很少） snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般過去時(shí)：1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago, yesterday, the day be

14、fore yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be動(dòng)詞；行為動(dòng)詞4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didn't kno

15、w you were so busy.三、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, at this time, these days, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。6.例句： How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：1.概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：at this time y

16、esterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently, lately

17、, since，,in the past few years, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.5.一般疑問句：have或has。6.例句：I've written an article in the past few days. 六、 過去完成時(shí)：1.概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + done.

18、4.否定形式：had + not + done.5.一般疑問句：had放于句首。6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month. We had read four books 七、 一般將來時(shí)：1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)

19、：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain. 八、 過去將來時(shí)：1.概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：the next day(morning, year),the following mon

20、th(week),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would+ do.4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would+ not + do.5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would提到句首。6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.I asked who was going there.八大時(shí)態(tài)練習(xí)題：1 He swimming in the river every day in summer. (go)2.It you are right. ( seem

21、)3.Look, the children basketball on the playground. ( play )4.He to the radio when I came in, ( listen )5.It is very cold .I think it .( rain )6. I need some paper . I some for you . ( bring )7.I cant find my pen . Who it ?( take )8.He said that he back in five minutes . ( come )9.I didnt meet him.

22、He when I got there. ( leave )10.I my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose )11.He down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )12.He is not here. He to the post office. (go)13.He is very hungry. He anything for three days. ( not eat )14.I with you if I have time .( go )15.We will not go to the

23、cinema if it tomorrow . (rain )16.I will tell her the news when she to see me next week. (come)17. “ When you the car ?” “ In 1998 . ”( buy )18.We good friends since we met at school . （be）19.What you at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)20. .Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior.21. We the room eight times since last month.(clean)22. We the homework before he arrive