傳統(tǒng)文化英語(yǔ)翻譯

.香囊(scentedsachet),古代也稱“香袋”，通常是用布縫制或彩色絲線編織的袋子，里面塞滿香草(aromaticherbs)。香囊最初用來(lái)吸汗、驅(qū)蟲和避邪。香囊不僅 有用，而且可作裝飾品。它們的形狀和大小各異，有圓形、橢圓形和其他形狀。它們通常配有精致的圖案，每個(gè)圖案都象征著特別的含義。例如，雙魚或成對(duì)蝴蝶 圖案象征男女之愛；蓮花或牡丹花(peonyflower)等圖案象征女性；松樹和仙鶴圖案象征長(zhǎng)壽；石榴(guava)圖案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不僅是裝飾品，而且 含有豐富的文化和歷史內(nèi)涵。翻譯：Scentedsachets,alsocalled “fragrantbags“inancienttimes,arebagsusuallysewedwithclothorweavedwithmulticolorsilkthreadsandstuffedwitharomaticherbs.Thefragrantbagswereoriginallyusedforabsorbingsweat,repellinginsectsandwardingoffevils.Scentedsachetsarenotonlyuseful,butalsoornamental.Theycomeindifferentshapesandsizes,suchasround,ovalandmanyothers.Andtheyarenormallydecoratedwithelaboratepatterns,witheachpatternsymbolizingaspecialmeaning.Forinstance,adouble-fishordouble-butterflypatternsmybolizesthelovebetweenamanandawoman;patternslikelotusorpeonyflowerssymbolizewomen;pineandcranepatternssymbolizelongevityandaguavapatternisthesymboloflotsofchildren.Anicescentedsachetisnotjustanornament,butmoreofsomethingthatcontainsculturalandhistoricalrichness..中國(guó)民間藝術(shù)與中國(guó)哲學(xué)統(tǒng)一于 陰陽(yáng)(yin-yang)生萬(wàn)物”這一理念。這一理念源于中國(guó)原始社會(huì)，是對(duì)人類的人生感悟的哲學(xué)注解。中國(guó)人祖先的哲學(xué)論斷是近看自己，遠(yuǎn)觀他人要理解中華民族民間藝術(shù)的原始藝術(shù)，這一結(jié)論必不可少。人類的本能欲望是生存并通過(guò)繁衍 (propagation)繼續(xù)存在。人生來(lái)的首要 本能是求生，然后是長(zhǎng)壽。從原始社會(huì)到今天，陰陽(yáng)和永生的觀念始終貫穿中國(guó)的社會(huì)生活和民族文化。中國(guó)民間藝術(shù)反映了社會(huì)的所有基本哲學(xué)理念。翻譯：ChinesefolkartandChinesephilosophyareunifiedinthebeliefthatyin-yangproducesalllivingthingsintheworld.OriginatedinChineseprimitivesociety,thiswasthephilosophicalexplanationofhuman'sperceptionoflife.Chineseancestorsphilosophicalconclusionwasto “l(fā)ookaoneselfupcloseandothercreaturesfromafar,whichisessentialtotheunderstandingoftheprimitivearttothefolkartofthenation.Toliveandtocontinuelifethroughpropagationarethetwoinstinctivedesiresofhuman.Frombirth,aperson'sfirstinstinctistosurvive,andthentolivealonglife.Fromprimitivesocietytothepresentday,theviewofyin-yangandperpetuallifehaspermeatedinallaspectsofsociallifeandthenationalcultureofChinesesociety.Chinesefolkartreflectsallofthebasicphilosophicalconcepts..象棋(Chinesechess)兩人玩的棋盤游戲，源于春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的軍事戰(zhàn)略。 早期的象棋由三部分組成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盤。現(xiàn)代象棋沒(méi)有骰子，它在棋子和棋盤方面與古代不同。棋盤有 9行寬、10行長(zhǎng)，共90個(gè)交叉點(diǎn)，構(gòu)成方形網(wǎng)格 (grid)。棋子在交叉點(diǎn)上落子或移動(dòng)。對(duì)弈者在棋盤進(jìn)行象征性的軍很戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，部署馬匹、戰(zhàn)車，根據(jù)自己對(duì)棋局和游戲規(guī)則的理解組織軍隊(duì)。目前，中國(guó)象棋已傳至全世界，進(jìn)一步傳承、發(fā)揚(yáng)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化。翻譯：Chinesechessisatwo-playerboardgamesprangfrommilitarystrategiesintheSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesperiods.Theearly-stageChinesechessconsistedofthreecomponents:chesspieces,diceandboard.There'snodiceinmodemChinesechess.Andtiiegameisdififerraitfromitsancientcounteipartintennsofpiecesandboard.Theboardis9lineswideby10lineslong,withatotalof90crossingpoints.Thegridsformedaresquare.Thepiecesareplacedandmovedonthecrossingpoints.Thetwoplayersconductarepresentationalmilitarybattleontheboardbydeployinghorsesandchariotsandorganizingtroopsbasedontbeirunderstandingofthelayoutofdiegameandtheplayingrules.Currently,Chinesechesshasbeenintroducedtothewholeworid,givingaboosttotheefforttocarryonanddeveloptraditionalChineseculture..圍棋是兩位對(duì)弈者之間戰(zhàn)略性的棋盤游戲 (boardgame)。圍棋已有3000多年的歷史，可以說(shuō)是所有古代棋類游戲的起源。圍棋的規(guī)則很簡(jiǎn)單，但是有數(shù)不盡的策略。這就是圍棋的魅力所在。下一盤圍棋的時(shí)間短至 15分鐘，長(zhǎng)至數(shù)天。但是多數(shù)情況下，下一盤圍棋需要一或兩個(gè)小時(shí)。圍棋是綜合科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和競(jìng)賽的游戲。圍棋對(duì)于智力發(fā)展、性格培養(yǎng)和靈活的策略學(xué)習(xí)非常有益。難怪圍棋已經(jīng)流行了幾千年，并逐漸成為一項(xiàng)國(guó)際文化游戲。翻譯：Weiqiisastrategicboardgamebetweentwoplayers.Withahistoryofover3,000years,thegamecanberegardedastheoriginatorofallancientchessgames.TherulesofWeiqiareverysimplebuttherearecountlessvariationsofstrategies.Thisiswherethebeautyofthegamelies.Thetimeforoneroundofweiqicanbeasshortas15minutesoraslongasafewdays.Inmostcases,though,ittakesoneortwohourstofinishoneround.Weiqiisagamethatcombinesscience,artandcompetition.It'sbeneficialforintelligencedevelopment,personalitycultivationandflexiblestrategylearning.It'snowonderthegamehavingbeenpopularforthousandsofyearsandisgraduallybecominganinternationalculturalgame..雜技(acrobatics)是展現(xiàn)高超的平衡技巧和動(dòng)作協(xié)調(diào)能力的表演。雜技常和廣 泛使用體操技能的活動(dòng)相聯(lián)系，比如馬戲(circus)、體操，但許多其他運(yùn)動(dòng)，如武術(shù)、芭蕾和跳水也可能采用雜技元素。吳橋是中國(guó)眾所周知的雜技之鄉(xiāng)。據(jù)說(shuō)吳橋的所有居民，從學(xué)步孩童到白發(fā)老人，都多少會(huì)點(diǎn)雜技。年輕人在工作間隙練習(xí)雜技。許多家庭都有獨(dú)特的技藝代代相傳。中國(guó)乃至世界都有很多來(lái)自吳橋的雜技演員。中國(guó)雜技界有句話叫做 ：沒(méi)有吳橋人不成雜技班。翻譯：Acrobaticsistheperformancethatshowsexcellentskillsofbalanceandactioncoordination.Acrobaticsismostoftenassociatedwithactivitiesthatmakeextensiyeuseofgymnasticskills,suchascircusandgymnastics,butmanyotheractivities,suchaswushu,balletanddivingmayalsoadoptelementsofacrobatics.WuqiaoiswellknownasthehometownofacrobaticsinChina.ItissaidthatallresidentsinWuqiao,fromkidslearningtowalktotheoldwithgreysomeacrobatics.Youngpeoplepracticetheartduringthebreaksfromwork.Manyfamilieshavetheiruniqueskillshandeddownthroughgenerations.ThereareacrobatsfromWuqiaoAroughoutChina,eventheworld.AsaChineseacrobaticsfield,ifyoudon'thaveanacrobatfromWuqiao,youcan'thaveanacrobaticstroupe.1.中國(guó)菜舉世聞名，而菜名更是詼諧有趣，妙趣橫生，充滿中國(guó)人的智慧。很多菜名用字典雅瑰麗，充滿吉祥喜慶之氣，諸如把豆苗(beanseedling)比作"龍須"，雞蛋美名“芙蓉(Confederaterose)”或“鳳凰”，雞爪稱“鳳爪”，豆腐(tofu)叫成“白玉”，等。不少菜名豪華氣派，美不可言，有種湯叫“珍珠瑪瑙(agate)翡翠湯”，只是豆腐、番茄加青菜。一些含有祝賀或象征吉祥的菜名，如竹筍炒排骨是“步步高升”。有些菜名采用的是成語(yǔ)，蘿卜絲上放根紅辣椒表示“踏雪尋梅”。翻譯：Chinesedishesareworld-famous,andthedishnamesarehumorous,interestingandfullofwits,fullyembodyingthewisdomofChinesepeople.Manydishesarenamedwithelegantandmagnificentcharactersandarefullofauspiciousandfestiveatmosphere.Forexample,thebeanseedlingiscalled“dragonbeardeggiscalledaConfederaterose"or",phoeck?n"clawiscalled“phoenixtalontofuiscalled“whitejade"andsoon.Manydishnamesareinluxuriousstyleandtheirbeautyisbeyondwords.Forexample,thereisasoupcalled “soupofpearl,agateandjade:butitsingredientsareonlytofu,tomatoesandvegetables.Somedishnamesexpresscongratulationorsymbolizeauspiciousness,suchasporkribsfriedwithbambooshootsiscalled“higherandhigher'Somedishnamesareidioms,suchasturnipstripswitharedpepperiscalledalookingforplumflowerswhiletreadingonthesnow "..景德鎮(zhèn)(Jingdezhen)位于江西省東北部，以瓷器而聞名，歷來(lái)被譽(yù)為中國(guó)的 千年瓷都”。在景德鎮(zhèn)出產(chǎn)的各類瓷器中，尤以青花瓷 (blueandwhiteporcelain) 最為突出。清代是青花瓷的鼎盛時(shí)期，景德鎮(zhèn)青花瓷以其燒造精致而獨(dú)占鰲頭。新中國(guó)成立后，在景德鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立了人民瓷廠 (People'sPorcelainFactory)專門生產(chǎn)青花瓷。景德鎮(zhèn)青花瓷造型優(yōu)美，色彩絢麗，裝飾精美，是景德鎮(zhèn)四大傳統(tǒng)名瓷之一，素有 永不凋謝的青花”之稱。青花瓷遠(yuǎn)銷世界各地，受到世界人民的喜愛。翻譯：Jingdezhen,locatedinthenortheastofJiangxiProvince,isfamousforporcelainandishonoredas“homeofporcelainforthousandsofyears "inChina.AmongdifferenttypesofporcelainproducedinJingdezhen,blueandwhiteporcelainisthemostrenowned.BlueandwhiteporcelainreacheditspeakintheQingDynasty.BlueandwhiteporcelainfromJingdezhenrankedfirstforitsfineproduction.AfternewChinawasfounded,People'sPorcelainFactorywassetupinJingdezhentoproduceblueandwhiteporcelainspecially.BlueandwhiteporcelainfromJingdezheniselegantlyshaped,richincoloranddelicatelydecorated.ItisoneofthefourfamoustraditionaltypesofporcelaininJingdezhen,andenjoysthereputationof -greeneveueandwhiteporcelain”.Blueandwhiteporcelainhasbeensoldtocountriesallovertheworldandislikedbypeoplearoundtheworld..臉譜(facialmakeup)是指中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)戲劇一京劇里男演員臉部的彩色化妝。 它在色彩、形式和類型上有一定的格式。臉譜運(yùn)用紅色、黃色、白色、黑色、紫色、綠色和銀色代表不同的人物性格。各角色的臉譜由油漆、粉和油彩畫成，基 本形式是整臉、三塊瓦臉(SanKuaiWaLian)和碎臉。這些臉譜類型被廣泛用于代 表將軍、官員、英雄、神靈和鬼魅。通過(guò)眼睛和鼻子周圍形狀各異的白色小塊 ，可以辨別出丑角(Chouactors)。有時(shí)這些小塊以黑色勾勒，常稱小花臉。翻譯：FacialmakeupreferstothecolorfulpaintingonthefaceoftheactorsinPekingOpera,whichisatraditionalChineseopera.Ithascertainformatintermsofcolor,designandtype.Red ,yellow,white,black,purple,greenandsilverarethemaincolorsusedforfacialmakeuptorepresentdifferentcharacters.Thefacialdesignsfortherolesaremadebypainting,powderingandcoloringinthebasicformsofZhengLzan(keepingthebasicfacepattern) ,SanKuaiWaLian(three-sectionface)andSuiLian(fragmentaryface).Thesetypesarewidelyusedtorepresentgenerals,officials,heroes,godsandghosts.TheChou(clown)actorscanberecognizedbythepatchofwhiteinvariousshapespaintedaroundtheeyesandnose.Sometimesthesepatchesareoutlinedinblack,oftencalledXiaoHuaLian(partlypaintedface)..唐朝時(shí)期，人們就在昌南建造窯坊 (kiln),燒制出一種青白瓷(bluishwhiteporcelain)。青白瓷色彩晶瑩，有人造玉器”的美稱，因而遠(yuǎn)近聞名，并大量出口歐洲。當(dāng)時(shí)，歐洲人還不會(huì)制造瓷器，因此中國(guó)特別是昌南鎮(zhèn)的瓷器很受歡迎。 在歐洲I,昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器是備受珍愛的貴重物品，人們以能獲得一件昌南鎮(zhèn)瓷器為榮。因此，歐洲人就以 昌南”作為瓷器和生產(chǎn)瓷器的 中國(guó)”的代稱。久而久之，歐洲人就把昌南的本意忘卻了，只記得它是 瓷器"，即中國(guó)”了。翻譯：IntheTangDynasty,peoplestartedtobuildkilnstomakebluishwhiteporcelaininChangnan.Thebluishwhiteporcelainwasglitteringandhadthereputationofartificialjade,soitbecamefamoushomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargeamount.Atthattime,Europeanswerenotabletomakeporcelain,soporcelainfromChina,especiallyfromChangnan,waswarmlywelcomed.InEurope,porcelainfromChangnanwasluxuriousarticlecherishedbyeveryone,andobtainingevenonepieceofitwouldmakepeoplefeelveryproud.Inthisway ,EuropeansusedChangnanasthecodenameforchina(porcelain)andtheplaceofitsproduction ,China.Gradually,EuropeansforgottheoriginalmeaningofChangnan,onlyrememberingitischina,namelyChina..刺繡(embroidery)是中國(guó)藝術(shù)中一顆璀燦的明珠。從華麗的龍袍到今日的時(shí)裝，刺繡為我們的文化和生活增添了許多樂(lè)趣。中國(guó)記載的最古老的刺繡可追溯至商朝。在當(dāng)時(shí)，刺繡象征著社會(huì)地位。隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，刺繡走進(jìn)普通人的生活。對(duì)于足不出戶的女子來(lái)說(shuō)，刺繡是一種優(yōu)雅的工作。想象一下，一位美麗的年輕女子在家刺繡 ：一針一線，她為愛人繡一對(duì)鴛鴦 (mandarinduck)。寒冷的冬日，屋子里充滿香氣。多么美麗動(dòng)人的畫面啊 ！翻譯：EmbroideryisabrilliantpearlinChineseart.Fromthemagnificentdragonrobeswornbyemperorstotoday'sfashions,embroideryaddsagreatdealofpleasuretoourcultureandlife.TheoldestembroideryonrecordinChinadatesfromtheShangDynasty.Embroideryinthisperiodsymbolizedsocialstatus.Asthenationaleconomydeveloped,embroideryenteredthelifeofthecommonpeople.Embroideiywasaneleganttaskforladieswhowereforbiddentogooutoftheirhomes.Imagineabeautifulyoungladyembroideringathome:stitchbystitch,she;embroidersapairofmandarinducksforherlover.Itisacoldwinterdayandtheroomisfilledwithsweetsmell.Whatatouchingandbeautifulpicture!.中國(guó)是茶的故鄉(xiāng)。唐代以前，中國(guó)茶葉通過(guò)陸路和水路出口，先是出口到日本和朝鮮，之后出口到印度和中亞。明清時(shí)期，出口到了阿拉伯半島 (ArabianPeninsula)。17世紀(jì)早期，中國(guó)茶葉出口到歐洲I,自此，歐洲的上層階級(jí)開始飲茶。 中國(guó)文化滲透著茶的精神，全國(guó)有很多種茶葉、茶館、茶的傳說(shuō)、茶工藝品和飲茶習(xí)俗。杭州西湖以產(chǎn)上等綠茶著稱 ；在云南等中國(guó)西南省份，少數(shù)民族受外國(guó)文化影響較小，原始茶產(chǎn)地仍然保留著飲茶儀式和習(xí)俗。翻譯：Chinaisthehometownoftea.BeforetheTangDynasty,Chineseteawasexportedbylandandsea,firsttoJapanandKorea,thentoIndiaandCentralAsia,andintheMingandQingDynasties,totheArabianPeninsula.Intheearlyperiodofthe17thcentury,ChineseteawasexportedtoEurope,wheretheupperclassstartedtodrinktea.TeaspiritpermeatesChineseculture,andthroughoutthecountrytherearemanykindsoftea,teahouses,tealegends,teaartifactsandteacustoms.TheWestLakeinHangzhouisfamousforitsexcellentgreentea;andprovincesinsouthwestChinalikeYunnanwhereflieethnicgroupswerelessaffectedbyforeignculturesstillkeepteaceremoniesandcustomsinoriginaltea-growingareas..漢字(Chinesecharacters)是世界上最古老的文字之一，也是使用者最多的文 字。漢字多達(dá)6萬(wàn)個(gè)，但常用的基本漢字只有 6000個(gè)左右。據(jù)權(quán)威專家估計(jì)，漢字有5000多年的歷史，最初源于記錄事情的圖片。從古至今，從甲骨文(Jiaguwen)到我們今天書寫用的楷體(Kaiti),漢字的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了很大改變。歷史上， 漢字被朝鮮、日本、越南等國(guó)借鑒，因此也促進(jìn)了國(guó)際交流。在現(xiàn)代，中國(guó)人民用各種方法將漢字輸人電腦，進(jìn)行信息處理。事實(shí)證明，漢字充滿了生機(jī)與活力。翻譯：TheChinesecharactersareoneoftheoldestcharactersintheworld,andareusedbythemostusers.Chinesecharactersareupto60,000,butonlyabout6,000basiconesareoftenused.Asauthoritiesestimate,Chinesecharactershaveahistoryofover5,000years,andtheyoriginatefrompicturesforkeepingrecords.Fromancienttomoderntimes,theformsandstructuresofChinesecharactershavechangedmuch,evolvingfromJiaguwen(oraclebonescript),toKaiti(regularscript)weusenow.Inhistory,ChinesecharacterswereborrowedbyKorea,Japan,andVietnam,therebyimprovinginternationalcommunication.Inmoderntimes,ChinesepeoplehavebymanymeanssolvedtheproblemofinputtingChinesecharactersintocomputerstoserveinformationprocessing.IthasbeenborneoutthatChinesecharactersarefullofvigorandvitality..曲藝是指民謠、說(shuō)書和相聲等民間說(shuō)唱藝術(shù)形式。作為中國(guó)古代的表演藝術(shù)，曲藝是不同表演類型的統(tǒng)稱，表現(xiàn)形式為說(shuō)、唱或二者兼有。作為獨(dú)立的藝術(shù)，曲藝興起于唐朝中期，繁榮于宋朝。曲藝深植于中國(guó)，分為三大類型、 400個(gè)曲種。三大類型是：說(shuō)書、說(shuō)唱藝術(shù)、笑話。說(shuō)書既可以只用語(yǔ)言，也可以配樂(lè)。北方最典型的無(wú)伴奏類型是評(píng)書 (Pingshu)。笑話最重要的形式是相聲。說(shuō)唱藝術(shù)似乎聽眾最多。在口音或音樂(lè)方面，每種類型都有強(qiáng)烈的地方色彩。翻譯：Quyireferstofolkvocalartformssuchasballadsinging,story-tellingandcrosstalk.AsanancientperformingartinChina,quyiisageneraltermthatcoversseveraldifferenttypesofperformancesinwhichspeech,singingorbothareused.Asanindependentart,itwasformedinthemiddleTangDynastyandflourishedintheSongDynasty.DeeplytakingrootinChina,theartisdividedintothreestylesandsubdividedinto400parts.Thethreemajorstylesarestory-telling,story-singing,andjoke-telling.Story-tellingcanbeeitherwordsonly,orwordswithmusic.Oneofthemostrepresentativenon-musicstylesintheNorthiscalledPingshu.Themostimportantformofjoke-tellingiscrosstalk.Story-singingseemstohavethelargestaudience.Eachstylehasastronglocalflavorineitheritsaccentormusic..24節(jié)氣(24solarterms)是統(tǒng)稱，包括12節(jié)氣(12majorsolarterms)和12中氣(12minorsolarterms),它們彼此之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。 24節(jié)氣反映了天氣變化，指導(dǎo)農(nóng) 業(yè)耕作，也影響著人們的生活。春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，人們開始使用節(jié)氣作為補(bǔ)充歷法 (calendar)。公元前104年，24節(jié)氣最終確立。眾所周知，中國(guó)是個(gè)有著悠久農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā) 展史的國(guó)家。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)受自然規(guī)律影響極大。在古代，農(nóng)民根據(jù)太陽(yáng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)安排農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。24節(jié)氣考慮到了太陽(yáng)的位置，這就是我們重視它的原因。翻譯：The24solartermsisawholenameofthesystemthatconsistsof12majorsolartermsand12minorsolarteimslinkedwitheachother.Itreflectstheclimatechange,guidesagriculturearrangementsandalsoaffectspeople'slife.Inthe