美國(guó)文學(xué)選讀期末名詞解釋

1、精選文件1 .美國(guó)浪漫主義(1. American Romanticism )romanticismreferstoanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatingineuropeinthelate 18 thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinter emphasisontheindividualsexpressionofemotionandimagination，departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicismtheromanticperiodinamericanlit

2、eraturestretchesfromtheendofthe 18 thcenturythroughtheoutbreakofthecivilwar。Irving、whitmanandthoreauaretherepresentatives。后臺(tái)地區(qū)(1) politicalbackgroundeconomicdevelopment(2) romanticmovementineuropeancountries分發(fā)-外形基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施特征曲線(1) americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontaine

3、d”“analienquality”for the simple(2) thereisamericanpuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.manyamericce(3)“新聞”ofamericansasanationisinconnectionwithamericanromanticism。(4) asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork、americanromanticismwasbothimitati

4、veandindependent。浪漫主義的兩個(gè)主題：愛與自然的力量thesocialandculturalbackgroundofromanticism :theyoungrepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically，economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry。romanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands。-thedesireforanescapefromsocietyand

5、areturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofamericanliterature。americanpuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoveramericanmoralvalues。romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics :摩爾企業(yè)， faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptive andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasourceo

6、fgoodnessandmanssocietiesasaso2. Transcendentalism (超經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義，先驗(yàn)主義) : itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature，religion。 cultureandphilosophythatemergedinnewenglandinthemiddle 19 th century.itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsocieed orebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatethat“transcends”thephysicala

7、ndempirical (基于觀察或?qū)嶒?yàn)) andisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividua minenttranscendentalistsincludedralphwaldoemerson (愛默生)，henrrson Walt etc.itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexiste

8、nce。American Transcendentalism (美國(guó)超經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義)透明度19 th中心、whichflourishedfromaboury；透明度19 th中心transcendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheoversoul、theindividualandnature.specifically、theystressedintuitiveunder 幫助我們，andadvocatedindependenceofthemindthemostimportantrepresentativesareralphwaldoemersona

9、ndhenrydavidthoreau。拉爾普沃爾多愛默生ralphwaldoemersonwasanamericanessayist、philosopher和poet、bestrememberedforleadingthetranscendentalistmovementofthemiistheexpressedthephilosophyoftranscendentalisminhis 1836 essay、Nature。Besides、histheamericanscholarwasconsideredtobeamericans“intellectualdeclarationofindep

10、endence”。超索爾itisanall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeofwhichallthingsareapart。itisakeydoctrinefortranscendentalists。自助式聯(lián)盟自我聯(lián)系isanessaywrittenbyamericantranscendentalistphilosopherralphwaldoemerson。itcontainsthemostsolidstatementofoneofhisrepeatingthemes、theneedforeachindividualtoavoi

11、dconformityandfalseconsistency。theseideasareconsideredareactiontoacommercialidentify.emersoncallsforareturntoindividualidentity。Individualism (個(gè)人主義)Individualism is a moral、political、and social philosophy、whichemphasizesindividualliberty、theprimaryimportanceoftheitisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism

12、、social psychology和sociology、whichconsidertheindividualsrapporttothesociettyIt is often confused with “egoism”、butanindividualistneednotbeanegoist。瓦爾登itisoneoftheamericanclassicswrittenbyhenrydavidthoreau。itrecordshisexperimentinlivingatwaldenpond、hissympatheticunderstandingofnature、hismeditationont

13、hemeaningsoflifeandhis比較本機(jī)、itismoreradicalandsocial-minded。3 .自由體詩(shī)歌freeverseisageneraltermreferringtothemodernformofversewithnofixedfoot、rhythm or rime schemes。itwasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupoffrenchpoetsofthelate 19 th中心。freeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanyamericanpoets、包括Walt Whitman、Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg。米歇爾的歌曲itisthebestknownpoeminleavesofgrassbywaltwhitman。itisacelebrationoftheindividualaswellasthecommonpeople。4 .美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義theperiodrangingfrom 1865 to 1914 hasbeenpreferredtoastheageofrealism。itwasal