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1、精選文件1 .美國(guó)浪漫主義(1. American Romanticism )romanticismreferstoanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatingineuropeinthelate 18 thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinter emphasisontheindividualsexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicismtheromanticperiodinamericanlit
2、eraturestretchesfromtheendofthe 18 thcenturythroughtheoutbreakofthecivilwar。Irving、whitmanandthoreauaretherepresentatives。后臺(tái)地區(qū)(1) politicalbackgroundeconomicdevelopment(2) romanticmovementineuropeancountries分發(fā)-外形基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施特征曲線(1) americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontaine
3、d”“analienquality”for the simple(2) thereisamericanpuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.manyamericce(3)“新聞”ofamericansasanationisinconnectionwithamericanromanticism。(4) asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork、americanromanticismwasbothimitati
4、veandindependent。浪漫主義的兩個(gè)主題:愛與自然的力量thesocialandculturalbackgroundofromanticism :theyoungrepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry。romanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands。-thedesireforanescapefromsocietyand
5、areturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofamericanliterature。americanpuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoveramericanmoralvalues。romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics :摩爾企業(yè), faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptive andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasourceo
6、fgoodnessandmanssocietiesasaso2. Transcendentalism (超經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義,先驗(yàn)主義) : itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion。 cultureandphilosophythatemergedinnewenglandinthemiddle 19 th century.itbeganasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsocieed orebeliefswasanidealspiritualstatethat“transcends”thephysicala
7、ndempirical (基于觀察或?qū)嶒?yàn)) andisonlyrealizedthroughtheindividua minenttranscendentalistsincludedralphwaldoemerson (愛默生),henrrson Walt etc.itisakindofphilosophythatstressesbeliefintranscendentalthingsandtheimportanceofspiritualratherthanmaterialexiste
8、nce。American Transcendentalism (美國(guó)超經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義)透明度19 th中心、whichflourishedfromaboury;透明度19 th中心transcendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheoversoul、theindividualandnature.specifically、theystressedintuitiveunder 幫助我們,andadvocatedindependenceofthemindthemostimportantrepresentativesareralphwaldoemersona
9、ndhenrydavidthoreau。拉爾普沃爾多愛默生ralphwaldoemersonwasanamericanessayist、philosopher和poet、bestrememberedforleadingthetranscendentalistmovementofthemiistheexpressedthephilosophyoftranscendentalisminhis 1836 essay、Nature。Besides、histheamericanscholarwasconsideredtobeamericans“intellectualdeclarationofindep
10、endence”。超索爾itisanall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeofwhichallthingsareapart。itisakeydoctrinefortranscendentalists。自助式聯(lián)盟自我聯(lián)系isanessaywrittenbyamericantranscendentalistphilosopherralphwaldoemerson。itcontainsthemostsolidstatementofoneofhisrepeatingthemes、theneedforeachindividualtoavoi
11、dconformityandfalseconsistency。theseideasareconsideredareactiontoacommercialidentify.emersoncallsforareturntoindividualidentity。Individualism (個(gè)人主義)Individualism is a moral、political、and social philosophy、whichemphasizesindividualliberty、theprimaryimportanceoftheitisthusdirectlyopposedtocollectivism
12、、social psychology和sociology、whichconsidertheindividualsrapporttothesociettyIt is often confused with “egoism”、butanindividualistneednotbeanegoist。瓦爾登itisoneoftheamericanclassicswrittenbyhenrydavidthoreau。itrecordshisexperimentinlivingatwaldenpond、hissympatheticunderstandingofnature、hismeditationont
13、hemeaningsoflifeandhis比較本機(jī)、itismoreradicalandsocial-minded。3 .自由體詩(shī)歌freeverseisageneraltermreferringtothemodernformofversewithnofixedfoot、rhythm or rime schemes。itwasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupoffrenchpoetsofthelate 19 th中心。freeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanyamericanpoets、包括Walt Whitman、Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg。米歇爾的歌曲itisthebestknownpoeminleavesofgrassbywaltwhitman。itisacelebrationoftheindividualaswellasthecommonpeople。4 .美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義theperiodrangingfrom 1865 to 1914 hasbeenpreferredtoastheageofrealism。itwasal
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